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Review

COVID-19 Infection in Children, Infants and Pregnant Subjects: An Overview of Recent Insights and Therapies

by
Giuseppina Malcangi
1,*,†,
Alessio Danilo Inchingolo
1,†,
Angelo Michele Inchingolo
1,†,
Luigi Santacroce
1,†,
Grazia Marinelli
1,
Antonio Mancini
1,
Luigi Vimercati
1,
Maria Elena Maggiore
1,
Maria Teresa D’Oria
1,2,
Denisa Hazballa
1,3,
Ioana Roxana Bordea
4,*,
Edit Xhajanka
5,
Antonio Scarano
6,
Marco Farronato
7,
Gianluca Martino Tartaglia
7,
Delia Giovanniello
8,
Ludovica Nucci
9,
Rosario Serpico
9,
Gilberto Sammartino
10,
Loredana Capozzi
11,
Antonio Parisi
11,
Marina Di Domenico
12,
Felice Lorusso
6,*,‡,
Maria Contaldo
9,‡,
Francesco Inchingolo
1,‡ and
Gianna Dipalma
1,‡add Show full author list remove Hide full author list
1
Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
2
Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze, 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
3
Kongresi Elbasanit, Rruga: Aqif Pasha, 3001 Elbasan, Albania
4
Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
5
Department of Dental Prosthesis, Medical University of Tirana, Rruga e Dibrës, U.M.T., 1001 Tirana, Albania
6
Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
7
UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
8
Hospital A.O.S.G. Moscati, Contrada Amoretta, 83100 Avellino, Italy
9
Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Luigi de Crecchio, 6, 80138 Naples, Italy
10
Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
11
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Puglia e Della Basilicata, 71121 Foggia, Italy
12
Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
 
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*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work as authors.
‡
These authors contributed equally to this work as authors.
Microorganisms 2021, 9(9), 1964; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091964
Submission received: 25 August 2021 / Revised: 7 September 2021 / Accepted: 9 September 2021 / Published: 16 September 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in COVID-19 Receptor, Interaction, Biological Dynamic and Innovative Therapies)
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Abstract

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has involved a severe increase of cases worldwide in a wide range of populations. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate recent insights about COVID-19 infection in children, infants and pregnant subjects. Methods: a literature overview was performed including clinical trials, in vitro studies, reviews and published guidelines regarding the present paper topic. A descriptive synthesis was performed to evaluate recent insights and the effectiveness of therapies for SARS-CoV-2 infection in children, infants and pregnant subjects. Results: Insufficient data are available regarding the relationship between COVID-19 and the clinical risk of spontaneous abortion and premature foetus death. A decrease in the incidence of COVID-19 could be correlated to a minor expression of ACE2 in childrens’ lungs. At present, a modulation of the dose-effect posology for children and infants is necessary. Conclusions: Pregnant vertical transmission has been hypothesised for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Vaccines are necessary to achieve mass immunity for children and also pregnant subjects.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus-19; therapy; pandemics; children; pregnant SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus-19; therapy; pandemics; children; pregnant

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MDPI and ACS Style

Malcangi, G.; Inchingolo, A.D.; Inchingolo, A.M.; Santacroce, L.; Marinelli, G.; Mancini, A.; Vimercati, L.; Maggiore, M.E.; D’Oria, M.T.; Hazballa, D.; et al. COVID-19 Infection in Children, Infants and Pregnant Subjects: An Overview of Recent Insights and Therapies. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1964. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091964

AMA Style

Malcangi G, Inchingolo AD, Inchingolo AM, Santacroce L, Marinelli G, Mancini A, Vimercati L, Maggiore ME, D’Oria MT, Hazballa D, et al. COVID-19 Infection in Children, Infants and Pregnant Subjects: An Overview of Recent Insights and Therapies. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(9):1964. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091964

Chicago/Turabian Style

Malcangi, Giuseppina, Alessio Danilo Inchingolo, Angelo Michele Inchingolo, Luigi Santacroce, Grazia Marinelli, Antonio Mancini, Luigi Vimercati, Maria Elena Maggiore, Maria Teresa D’Oria, Denisa Hazballa, and et al. 2021. "COVID-19 Infection in Children, Infants and Pregnant Subjects: An Overview of Recent Insights and Therapies" Microorganisms 9, no. 9: 1964. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091964

APA Style

Malcangi, G., Inchingolo, A. D., Inchingolo, A. M., Santacroce, L., Marinelli, G., Mancini, A., Vimercati, L., Maggiore, M. E., D’Oria, M. T., Hazballa, D., Bordea, I. R., Xhajanka, E., Scarano, A., Farronato, M., Tartaglia, G. M., Giovanniello, D., Nucci, L., Serpico, R., Sammartino, G., ... Dipalma, G. (2021). COVID-19 Infection in Children, Infants and Pregnant Subjects: An Overview of Recent Insights and Therapies. Microorganisms, 9(9), 1964. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091964

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