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Microorganisms
Volume 13
Issue 6
10.3390/microorganisms13061222
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Three Different Probiotics on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, and Intestinal Microbiota in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

by
Wanjia Zhu
1,†,
Yi Yi
2,†,
Zhiwei Zou
1,
Haipeng Li
1,
Ting Liang
1,
Qianhe Shi
1,
Liwei Liu
2,* and
Jianmei Su
1,*
1
Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
2
College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Microorganisms 2025, 13(6), 1222; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13061222
Submission received: 31 March 2025 / Revised: 9 May 2025 / Accepted: 26 May 2025 / Published: 27 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbes in Aquaculture)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The growing demand for sustainable aquaculture has intensified research on probiotics as antibiotic alternatives. This study aims to evaluate the effects of three probiotic supplements—1 × 1010 CFU/g of Bacillus subtilis (BS), Clostridium butyricum (CB), or Enterococcus faecalis (EF)—on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, intestinal structure, and gut microbiota in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella; initial body weight: 42.52 ± 4.17 g) for 28 d. Compared to the non-supplemented (NC) control group, all probiotic-supplemented groups significantly enhanced final body weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, and crude protein content, and reduced feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05). Probiotic supplementation upregulated the intestinal ctrb1 gene expression and increased villus length. Serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity were elevated in the BS group, whereas only SOD was increased in the CB group (p < 0.05). Gut microbiota analysis revealed reduced Proteobacteria abundance in all probiotic-supplemented groups. Compared with the NC group, the BS group enriched Bacteroidetes and Prevotella_7, while the CB group promoted the abundance of Actinobacteria, Lactobacillus, and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1. The EF group increased the abundance of Fusobacteria, Cetobacterium, and Bacteroides (p < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that dietary supplementation with probiotics enhances growth performance by modulating antioxidant responses, intestinal morphology, and microbial community balance.
Keywords: Bacillus subtilis; Clostridium butyricum; Enterococcus faecalis; antioxidant ability; gut microbiota Bacillus subtilis; Clostridium butyricum; Enterococcus faecalis; antioxidant ability; gut microbiota

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Zhu, W.; Yi, Y.; Zou, Z.; Li, H.; Liang, T.; Shi, Q.; Liu, L.; Su, J. Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Three Different Probiotics on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, and Intestinal Microbiota in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Microorganisms 2025, 13, 1222. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13061222

AMA Style

Zhu W, Yi Y, Zou Z, Li H, Liang T, Shi Q, Liu L, Su J. Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Three Different Probiotics on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, and Intestinal Microbiota in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Microorganisms. 2025; 13(6):1222. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13061222

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhu, Wanjia, Yi Yi, Zhiwei Zou, Haipeng Li, Ting Liang, Qianhe Shi, Liwei Liu, and Jianmei Su. 2025. "Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Three Different Probiotics on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, and Intestinal Microbiota in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)" Microorganisms 13, no. 6: 1222. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13061222

APA Style

Zhu, W., Yi, Y., Zou, Z., Li, H., Liang, T., Shi, Q., Liu, L., & Su, J. (2025). Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Three Different Probiotics on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, and Intestinal Microbiota in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Microorganisms, 13(6), 1222. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13061222

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