Impact of COVID-19 Countermeasures on Pediatric Infections
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Trends of Pediatric Infections in Osaka and Iwate before the COVID-19 Pandemic
3.2. Pediatric Infections during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Osaka and Iwate
3.2.1. Human Mobility Flow and Infectious Diseases during the Mild Lockdown
3.2.2. Pediatric Infections during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Their Comparison with the 5-Week Moving Average over the Past 5 Years
3.3. Analysis of RSV Infections by Age Group
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
References
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
January | February | March | April | May | June | July | August | September | October | November | December | Total Number of Patients in Norovirus FB | Total Number of FB Patients | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | 14 | 32 | 146 | 0 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 164 | 394 | 1158 |
2011 | 81 | 20 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 30 | 3 | 0 | 118 | 0 | 54 | 12 | 332 | 1951 |
2012 | 52 | 38 | 101 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 187 | 167 | 567 | 877 |
2013 | 61 | 10 | 120 | 162 | 80 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 164 | 597 | 953 |
2014 | 84 | 60 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 40 | 210 | 742 |
2015 | 382 | 81 | 58 | 35 | 0 | 27 | 32 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 9 | 641 | 1191 |
2016 | 37 | 13 | 20 | 31 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 76 | 88 | 294 | 1179 |
2017 | 60 | 103 | 77 | 0 | 0 | 59 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 32 | 331 | 821 |
2018 | 31 | 23 | 31 | 27 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43 | 0 | 174 | 500 |
2019 | 5 | 50 | 229 | 154 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 461 | 897 |
2020 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 587 |
2021 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 21 | 108 | 322 |
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Influenza | RSV Infection (RSV) | Pharyngoconjunc-Tival Fever (PCF) | Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis (GASP) | Infectious Gastroenteritis (GE) | Herpangina | Exanthem Subitem (ES) | Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) | Erythema Infectiosum (EI) | Varicella | Mumps | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pathogen | influenza virus | Respiratory syncytial virus | Adenovirus | Streptococcus pyogenes | Rotavirus A, Norovirus etc. | Coxsackie-virus A | Human herpes virus 6, | Enterovirus A (mainly CA16, EV71) | Human parvovirus B19 | varicella zoster virus | Mumps virus |
(mainly 3,4,7) | Human herpes virus 7 | ||||||||||
transmission | droplet or contact infection | droplet or contact infection | droplet or contact infection | droplet or contact infection | fecol-oral, contact infection, foodborn | fecol-oral, respiratory route | droplet or contact infection | fecol-oral, respiratory route | droplet or contact infection | droplet or contact infection, airborn | via respiratory droplets and saliva |
target population of the surveillance | All populations | <15 years old | <15 years old | <15 years old | <15 years old (mainly) | <15 years old | <15 years old | <15 years old | <15 years old | <15 years old | <15 years old |
predominant age | <10 | <1 years old | <5 years old (60%) | 5 to 9 years old | Not particular | <5 years old (90%) | 5 to 9 yars old | <5 years old (90%) | <1 years old | <9 years old | 5 to 9 yars old |
seasonality in Japan | January–Februart | November-January | July–August | April-July & October–December | November–January (Norovirus), | July–August | June–July | July | none | December–July | none |
April (Rotavirus) | |||||||||||
periodicity | every year | every year | every year | every year | every year | every year | every 3–4 years | every other year | none | every year | every 5–6 years |
vaccination | routine: elderly | routine: Rotavirus A vaccine from October 2020 | routine: to 1 years old from October 2014 | voluntary |
2020 (15–52 w) | 2021 | |||
Osaka | Iwate | Osaka | Iwate | |
Influenza | 0.0053 | p< 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 |
RSV infection | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | 0.02061 | 0.01278 |
Pharyngoconjunctival fever | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 |
Group A streptococcal pharyngitis | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 |
Infectious gastroenteriris | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 |
Herpangina | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | 0.0052 | p < 0.001 |
Exanthem subitum | 0.002433 | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 | 0.19267 |
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Sakon, N.; Takahashi, T.; Yoshida, T.; Shirai, T.; Komano, J. Impact of COVID-19 Countermeasures on Pediatric Infections. Microorganisms 2022, 10, 1947. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10101947
Sakon N, Takahashi T, Yoshida T, Shirai T, Komano J. Impact of COVID-19 Countermeasures on Pediatric Infections. Microorganisms. 2022; 10(10):1947. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10101947
Chicago/Turabian StyleSakon, Naomi, Tomoko Takahashi, Toshiaki Yoshida, Tatsuya Shirai, and Jun Komano. 2022. "Impact of COVID-19 Countermeasures on Pediatric Infections" Microorganisms 10, no. 10: 1947. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10101947