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Volume 15
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Article

Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Backstepping Control for Magnetic Levitation Actuators in Laser Cutting Applications

by
Qinwei Zhang
1,
Chuan Zhao
1,
Ling Tong
1,*,
Feng Liu
2,
Fangchao Xu
1,
Honglei Sha
2 and
Feng Sun
1
1
College of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China
2
Tianjin EMAGING Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300462, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Actuators 2026, 15(3), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/act15030152
Submission received: 9 January 2026 / Revised: 11 February 2026 / Accepted: 12 February 2026 / Published: 4 March 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Levitation and Actuator Integration: From Fundamental Research to Emerging Applications)
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Abstract

During laser processing, optimizing the cutting performance by adjusting the angle or off-axis displacement between the auxiliary gas flow and the laser beam is an effective approach to improving processing quality and efficiency. However, traditional electromechanical actuators suffer from inherent limitations in compactness and multi-degree-of-freedom cooperative control, which restrict their applicability in high-speed and high-precision laser cutting systems. To address these limitations, this paper presents a five-degree-of-freedom magnetic levitation actuator for laser cutting lens control and proposes a multi-degree-of-freedom cooperative control strategy based on backstepping control (BC) to cope with the system’s strong coupling, nonlinearity, and model uncertainty. First, a dynamic model of the actuator system is established, and a corresponding BC is designed. Subsequently, a centralized control framework is developed, and comparative simulations and experiments are carried out between the proposed BC and a conventional PID controller. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed BC method outperforms the PID controller in terms of multi-degree-of-freedom cooperative control capability and dynamic response, thereby significantly enhancing the overall control performance of the system.
Keywords: laser cutting; magnetic levitation actuator; PID; backstepping control (BC); dynamic performance laser cutting; magnetic levitation actuator; PID; backstepping control (BC); dynamic performance

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MDPI and ACS Style

Zhang, Q.; Zhao, C.; Tong, L.; Liu, F.; Xu, F.; Sha, H.; Sun, F. Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Backstepping Control for Magnetic Levitation Actuators in Laser Cutting Applications. Actuators 2026, 15, 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/act15030152

AMA Style

Zhang Q, Zhao C, Tong L, Liu F, Xu F, Sha H, Sun F. Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Backstepping Control for Magnetic Levitation Actuators in Laser Cutting Applications. Actuators. 2026; 15(3):152. https://doi.org/10.3390/act15030152

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhang, Qinwei, Chuan Zhao, Ling Tong, Feng Liu, Fangchao Xu, Honglei Sha, and Feng Sun. 2026. "Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Backstepping Control for Magnetic Levitation Actuators in Laser Cutting Applications" Actuators 15, no. 3: 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/act15030152

APA Style

Zhang, Q., Zhao, C., Tong, L., Liu, F., Xu, F., Sha, H., & Sun, F. (2026). Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Backstepping Control for Magnetic Levitation Actuators in Laser Cutting Applications. Actuators, 15(3), 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/act15030152

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