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Volume 11
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10.3390/pathogens11050525
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Article

Dynamics of Theileria equi Infection in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus during the Parasitic Phase in a Chronically Infected Horse

by
Maristela Peckle
1,*,
Huarrisson Santos
2,
Marcus Pires
1,
Claudia Silva
1,
Renata Costa
1,
Gabriela Vitari
1,
Tays Camilo
1,
Nelson Meireles
1,
Patrícia Paulino
2 and
Carlos Massard
1
1
Department of Animal Parasitology, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro—UFRRJ, Seropedica, Rio de Janeiro 23897-970, Brazil
2
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro—UFRRJ, Seropedica, Rio de Janeiro 23897-970, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pathogens 2022, 11(5), 525; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11050525
Submission received: 1 February 2022 / Revised: 22 April 2022 / Accepted: 24 April 2022 / Published: 29 April 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Epidemiological Surveillance of Tick-Borne Pathogens)
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Abstract

Experimental studies have demonstrated that Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus transmits Theileria equi to horses. However, the degree and dynamics of this protozoan infection in the vector’s organism have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the infection rate and parasitic load of T. equi in R. (B.) microplus, the infection dynamics in this arthropod during experimental infestation in a horse chronically infected with T. equi, and to evaluate the trans-stadial and intrastadial transmission competence of T. equi by R. (B.) microplus. The experimental infestation period of R. (B.) microplus on the horse was 33 days, but males were found on the animal up to 60 days post-infestation. After the fifth day post-infestation, ticks and equine blood were collected every two days. Whole ticks from the same developmental stage collected in the same day were pooled. Adult ticks were dissected to extract salivary glands and gut. DNA extraction was performed for all the samples, and they were then submitted to qPCRs for T. equi diagnosis. Freshly molted nymphs collected as larvae in the horse and freshly molted males and females collected as nymphs in the horse showed equal to or greater than 75% positivity for T. equi, indicating a strong possibility of trans-stadial transmission. The longest permanence of the male ticks on the horse associated with the high positivity rate of this type of sample for T. equi indicate that the male may play a role in the intrastadial transmission of T. equi to infection-free horses. The salivary glands displayed 77.78% positivity for T. equi and presented a higher infection rate at the end of the experimental period (100% from 29 to 33 days post-infection). This study shows that R. (B.) microplus has high T. equi infection rates and that the infection rate and parasitic load increased over the experimental period. These findings confirm the importance of chronically infected horses with T. equi as a source of infection for R. (B.) microplus.
Keywords: trans-stadial transmission; intrastadial transmission; equine theileriosis; ticks; real-time PCR trans-stadial transmission; intrastadial transmission; equine theileriosis; ticks; real-time PCR

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MDPI and ACS Style

Peckle, M.; Santos, H.; Pires, M.; Silva, C.; Costa, R.; Vitari, G.; Camilo, T.; Meireles, N.; Paulino, P.; Massard, C. Dynamics of Theileria equi Infection in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus during the Parasitic Phase in a Chronically Infected Horse. Pathogens 2022, 11, 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11050525

AMA Style

Peckle M, Santos H, Pires M, Silva C, Costa R, Vitari G, Camilo T, Meireles N, Paulino P, Massard C. Dynamics of Theileria equi Infection in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus during the Parasitic Phase in a Chronically Infected Horse. Pathogens. 2022; 11(5):525. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11050525

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peckle, Maristela, Huarrisson Santos, Marcus Pires, Claudia Silva, Renata Costa, Gabriela Vitari, Tays Camilo, Nelson Meireles, Patrícia Paulino, and Carlos Massard. 2022. "Dynamics of Theileria equi Infection in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus during the Parasitic Phase in a Chronically Infected Horse" Pathogens 11, no. 5: 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11050525

APA Style

Peckle, M., Santos, H., Pires, M., Silva, C., Costa, R., Vitari, G., Camilo, T., Meireles, N., Paulino, P., & Massard, C. (2022). Dynamics of Theileria equi Infection in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus during the Parasitic Phase in a Chronically Infected Horse. Pathogens, 11(5), 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11050525

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