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Volume 11
Issue 5
10.3390/pathogens11050524
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Article

Ecological and Anthropogenic Spatial Gradients Shape Patterns of Dispersal of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Uganda

by
Anna Munsey
1,*,†,
Frank Norbert Mwiine
2,
Sylvester Ochwo
2,‡,
Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
3,
Zaheer Ahmed
3,§,
Luis L. Rodriguez
3,
Elizabeth Rieder
3,
Andres Perez
1 and
Kimberly VanderWaal
1
1
Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
2
College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala 7072, Uganda
3
Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11957, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Current address: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
‡
Current address: Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA.
§
Current address: Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Lab, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services (APHIS), Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11957, USA.
Pathogens 2022, 11(5), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11050524
Submission received: 1 April 2022 / Revised: 26 April 2022 / Accepted: 27 April 2022 / Published: 29 April 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology of Cattle Diseases: Data Collection and Analytical Methods for Disease Control and Sustainable Production)
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Abstract

Using georeferenced phylogenetic trees, phylogeography allows researchers to elucidate interactions between environmental heterogeneities and patterns of infectious disease spread. Concordant with the increasing availability of pathogen genetic sequence data, there is a growing need for tools to test epidemiological hypotheses in this field. In this study, we apply tools traditionally used in ecology to elucidate the epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in Uganda. We analyze FMDV serotype O genetic sequences and their corresponding spatiotemporal metadata from a cross-sectional study of cattle. We apply step selection function (SSF) models, typically used to study wildlife habitat selection, to viral phylogenies to show that FMDV is more likely to be found in areas of low rainfall. Next, we use a novel approach, a resource gradient function (RGF) model, to elucidate characteristics of viral source and sink areas. An RGF model applied to our data reveals that areas of high cattle density and areas near livestock markets may serve as sources of FMDV dissemination in Uganda, and areas of low rainfall serve as viral sinks that experience frequent reintroductions. Our results may help to inform risk-based FMDV control strategies in Uganda. More broadly, these tools advance the phylogenetic toolkit, as they may help to uncover patterns of spread of other organisms for which genetic sequences and corresponding spatiotemporal metadata exist.
Keywords: livestock markets; molecular epidemiology; regression models; spatial analysis; disease ecology livestock markets; molecular epidemiology; regression models; spatial analysis; disease ecology

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MDPI and ACS Style

Munsey, A.; Mwiine, F.N.; Ochwo, S.; Velazquez-Salinas, L.; Ahmed, Z.; Rodriguez, L.L.; Rieder, E.; Perez, A.; VanderWaal, K. Ecological and Anthropogenic Spatial Gradients Shape Patterns of Dispersal of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Uganda. Pathogens 2022, 11, 524. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11050524

AMA Style

Munsey A, Mwiine FN, Ochwo S, Velazquez-Salinas L, Ahmed Z, Rodriguez LL, Rieder E, Perez A, VanderWaal K. Ecological and Anthropogenic Spatial Gradients Shape Patterns of Dispersal of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Uganda. Pathogens. 2022; 11(5):524. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11050524

Chicago/Turabian Style

Munsey, Anna, Frank Norbert Mwiine, Sylvester Ochwo, Lauro Velazquez-Salinas, Zaheer Ahmed, Luis L. Rodriguez, Elizabeth Rieder, Andres Perez, and Kimberly VanderWaal. 2022. "Ecological and Anthropogenic Spatial Gradients Shape Patterns of Dispersal of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Uganda" Pathogens 11, no. 5: 524. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11050524

APA Style

Munsey, A., Mwiine, F. N., Ochwo, S., Velazquez-Salinas, L., Ahmed, Z., Rodriguez, L. L., Rieder, E., Perez, A., & VanderWaal, K. (2022). Ecological and Anthropogenic Spatial Gradients Shape Patterns of Dispersal of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Uganda. Pathogens, 11(5), 524. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11050524

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