Epidemiological Survey of the Main Tick-Borne Pathogens Infecting Dogs from the Republic of Moldova
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sampling
2.2. Molecular Techniques for Vector-Borne Pathogen Identification
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Molecular Analysis Outcomes
3.3. Risk Factors for Tick-Borne Pathogens
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pathogen | Target Gene | Product Size (bp) | Forward Primer | Reverse Primer | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Piroplasmids and Hepatozoon spp. (Nested PCR) | 18S rRNA | 561–620 | BTH-1 F: CCT GAG AAA CGG CTA CCA CAT CT | BTH-1R: TTG CGA CCA TAC TCC CCC CA | [18] |
GF2: GTC TTG TAA TTG GAA TGA TGG | GR2: CCA AAG ACT TTG ATT TCT CTC | ||||
Borrelia spp. (Nested PCR) | flaB | 350 | FlaLL: ACA TAT TCA GAT GCA GAC AGA GGT | FlaRL: TGT TAG ACG TTA CCG ATA CTA ACG | [19,20] |
FlaLS: AAC AGC TGA AGA GCT TGG AAT G | FlaRS: CGA TAA TCT TAC TAT TCA CTA GTT TC | ||||
SFG Rickettsia | gltA | 381 | Rsfg877: GGG GGC CTG CTC ACG GCG G | Rsfg1258: ATT GCA AAA AGT ACA GTG AAC A | [21] |
Bartonella spp. | gltA | 380–400 | bart781: GGG GAC CAG CTC ATG GTG G | bart1137: AAT GCA AAA AGA ACA GTA AAC A | [22] |
Francisella tularensis | 17-kDa lipoprotein gene | 400 | TUL4-435: GCT GTA TCA TCA TTT AAT AAA CTG CTG | TUL4-863: TTG GGA AGC TTG TAT CAT GGC ACT | [23] |
Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Heminested PCR) | groEL | 570 | EphplgroEL(569)F: ATG GTA TGC AGT TTG ATC GC | EphplgroEL(1193)R: TCT ACT CTG TCT TTG CGT TC | [24] |
EphgroEL(1142)R: TTG AGT ACA GCA ACA CCA CCG GAA | |||||
Anaplasma platys | 16S rRNA | 349 | EPLAT5: TTT GTC GTA GCT TGC TAT GAT | EPLAT3: CTT CTG TGG GTA CCG TC | [25] |
Ehrlichia canis (Nested PCR) | 16S rRNA | 389 | ECC: AGA ACG AAC GCT GGC GGC AAG CC | ECB: CGT ATT ACC GCG GCT GCT GGC A | [26] |
«canis»: CAA TTA TTT ATA GCC TCT GGC TAT AGG A | HE3: TAT AGG TAC CGT CAT TAT CTT CCC TAT |
Category | Sampled Dogs (N = 120) n (%) |
---|---|
Age (years) | |
0 to 1 | 11 (9.2) |
1 to 8 | 99 (82.5) |
>8 | 10 (8.3) |
Sex | |
Female | 70 (58.3) |
Male | 50 (41.7) |
Breed | |
Pure breed | 11 (9.2) |
Mixed | 109 (90.8) |
Location | |
Chișinău | 78 (65.0) |
Cahul | 42 (35.0) |
Origin | |
Shelter | 90 (75) |
Clinic | 30 (25) |
Category | Hepatozoon canis | Babesia canis | Anaplasma phagocytophilum | Bartonella spp. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, n (%) | ||||
0 to 1, N = 11 | 2 (18.2) | 2 (18.2) | 2 (18.2) | 0 (0.0) |
1 to 8, N = 99 | 17 (17.2) | 11 (11.1) | 4 (4.0) | 1 (1.0) |
>8, N = 10 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (10.0) | 1 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) |
p-value | 0.26 | 0.5 | 0.8 | - |
OR (95% CI) | 0.5 (0.1–1.7) | 0.6 (0.1–2.7) | 0.8 (0.1–5.1) | - |
Sex; n (%) | ||||
Female, N = 70 | 11 (15.7) | 6 (8.6) | 4 (5.7) | 0 (0.0) |
Male, N = 50 | 8 (16.0) | 8 (16.0) | 3 (6.0) | 1 (2.0) |
p-value | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.6 | - |
OR (95% CI) | 0.8 (0.3–2.4) | 2.1 (0.6–6.7) | 1.6 (0.2–10.3) | - |
Breed, n (%) | ||||
Pure breed, N = 11 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (27.3) | 0 (0.0) |
Mixed, N = 109 | 19 (17.4) | 14 (12.8) | 4 (3.7) | 1 (0.9) |
p-value | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.1 | - |
OR (95% CI) | 0.0 (0.0–>1.0 × 10 12) | 0.0 (0.0–>1.0 × 1012) | 6.4 (0.5–74.8) | - |
Location, n (%) | ||||
Chișinău, N = 78 | 15 (19.2) | 9 (11.5) | 4 (5.1) | 0 (0.0) |
Cahul, N = 42 | 4 (9.5) | 5 (11.9) | 3 (7.1) | 1 (2.4) |
p-value | 0.03 | 0.8 | 0.06 | - |
OR (95% CI) | 3.9 (1.1–13.4) | 1.2 (0.4–4.2) | 0.04 (0.002–1.2) | - |
Origin, n (%) | ||||
Shelter, N = 90 | 18 (20.0) | 13 (14.4) | 2 (2.2) | 1 (1.1) |
Vet Clinic, N = 30 | 1 (3.3) | 1 (3.3) | 5 (16.7) | 0 (0.0) |
p-value | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.03 | - |
OR (95% CI) | 0.2 (0.02–1.4) | 0.3 (0.04–3.0) | 27.0 (1.4–521.9) | - |
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D’Amico, G.; Ionică, A.M.; Györke, A.; Dumitrache, M.O. Epidemiological Survey of the Main Tick-Borne Pathogens Infecting Dogs from the Republic of Moldova. Pathogens 2022, 11, 1267. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111267
D’Amico G, Ionică AM, Györke A, Dumitrache MO. Epidemiological Survey of the Main Tick-Borne Pathogens Infecting Dogs from the Republic of Moldova. Pathogens. 2022; 11(11):1267. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111267
Chicago/Turabian StyleD’Amico, Gianluca, Angela Monica Ionică, Adriana Györke, and Mirabela Oana Dumitrache. 2022. "Epidemiological Survey of the Main Tick-Borne Pathogens Infecting Dogs from the Republic of Moldova" Pathogens 11, no. 11: 1267. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111267