An Experimental Study on the Interface Characteristics of Geogrid-Reinforced Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste Recycled Aggregate Based on Pullout Tests
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Experimental Details
2.1. Test Setup
2.2. Material
- (1)
- C&D waste recycled aggregate
- (2)
- Geogrid
2.3. Specimen Preparation
- (1)
- Biaxial geogrid-reinforced C&D waste recycled aggregate.
- (2)
- Triaxial geogrid-reinforced C&D waste recycled aggregate.
2.4. Test Program
2.5. Test Responses
3. Pullout Test Results
3.1. Influence of Confining Stress
3.2. Influence of Reinforcements Types
3.3. Influence of Pullout Rates
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- Pullout resistance versus displacement curves exhibit analogous behavioral patterns across varying normal stress, geogrid types, and pullout rates. Initially, rapid pullout resistance escalation occurs with increasing displacement, especially during the pullout displacement of 0–5 mm. The subsequent development of pullout resistance decelerates and eventually stabilizes.
- (2)
- The normal stress and the type of reinforcement have a great influence on pullout resistance and the interface friction coefficient, while the pullout rate has little effect. In addition, the influence of the reinforcement type and pullout rate on the mechanical characteristics of the interface between the reinforcement and C&D waste recycled aggregate increases with an increase in normal stress.
- (3)
- The biaxial geogrid shows a better reinforcement effect compared to the triaxial geogrid under low normal stress (≤50 kPa). Conversely, the triaxial geogrid shows a better reinforcement effect under high normal stress (≥75 kPa). The selection of reinforcement in reinforced soil structure should fully consider the important indexes such as the type of filler and the height of the structure.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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D60/mm | D30/mm | D10/mm | Optimum Moisture Content/% | Maximum Dry Density /kg·m−3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
20.00 | 9.75 | 0.65 | 9.26 | 1720 |
Type | Mesh Size/mm | Ultimate Tensile Strength/kN·m−1 | Ultimate Elongation/% | Tensile Modulus/kPa | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2% | 5% | ||||
Biaxial geogrid | 40 × 40 | 39.56 | 8.92 | 386,500 | 283,200 |
Triaxial geogrid | 40 × 40 × 40 | 35.360 | 8.38 | 317,500 | 230,360 |
Code | Geogrid | Pullout Rates/mm·min−1 | Normal Stress/kPa |
---|---|---|---|
P1 | Biaxial geogrid | 1 | 25, 50, 75 and 100 |
P2 | 2 | 25, 50, 75 and 100 | |
P3 | 3 | 25, 50, 75 and 100 | |
P4 | Triaxial geogrid | 2 | 25, 50, 75 and 100 |
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Zhang, D.; Gao, H.; Wang, H.; Yang, G. An Experimental Study on the Interface Characteristics of Geogrid-Reinforced Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste Recycled Aggregate Based on Pullout Tests. Buildings 2025, 15, 2355. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15132355
Zhang D, Gao H, Wang H, Yang G. An Experimental Study on the Interface Characteristics of Geogrid-Reinforced Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste Recycled Aggregate Based on Pullout Tests. Buildings. 2025; 15(13):2355. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15132355
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Da, Haixiang Gao, Haifeng Wang, and Guangqing Yang. 2025. "An Experimental Study on the Interface Characteristics of Geogrid-Reinforced Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste Recycled Aggregate Based on Pullout Tests" Buildings 15, no. 13: 2355. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15132355
APA StyleZhang, D., Gao, H., Wang, H., & Yang, G. (2025). An Experimental Study on the Interface Characteristics of Geogrid-Reinforced Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste Recycled Aggregate Based on Pullout Tests. Buildings, 15(13), 2355. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15132355