Planning for Cultural Connectivity: Modeling and Strategic Use of Architectural Heritage Corridors in Heilongjiang Province, China
Abstract
1. Introduction
- What are the spatial distribution characteristics of historical architectural heritage in Heilongjiang Province?
- How can a systematic heritage corridor network be constructed for historical architecture in Heilongjiang using more objective and quantitative research methods?
- What strategic insights can this study offer for the planning and conservation practices of historical architectural heritage corridors in Heilongjiang?
2. Literature Review
2.1. Quantitative Research on Historical Architectural Heritage Corridors
2.2. Review Conclusions and Research Proposal
3. Research Area and Methodology
3.1. Research Area
3.2. Research Workflow
3.3. Research Methodology
3.3.1. Data Sources
3.3.2. Spatial Feature Analysis Methods
3.3.3. Corridor Suitability Analysis Methods
3.3.4. Circuit Theory (Corridor Network Construction)
3.3.5. Network Structure Analysis for Corridor Connectivity Validation
4. Experimental Results
4.1. Spatial Distribution Pattern of Historical Buildings in Heilongjiang Province
4.2. Comprehensive Resistance Cost Surface and Suitability Zoning
4.2.1. Analysis of the Comprehensive Resistance Surface
4.2.2. Suitability Zoning Results
4.3. Corridor Network Generation Results
4.3.1. Source Classification
4.3.2. Corridor Generation Results
4.3.3. Identification of Key Corridor Areas and Extraction of Relay Stations
4.4. Connectivity Verification of Corridors
5. Discussion
5.1. Analysis of Heilongjiang’s Architectural Heritage Corridor Pattern
5.1.1. Potential Relationship Between Corridor Patterns and Historical Culture
5.1.2. Potential Relationship Between Heritage Corridor Patterns and Ecological Patterns
5.2. Identification of Gaps and Repair Strategies for Heilongjiang’s Heritage Corridor Network
5.2.1. Gaps in Primary Corridors and Integration with High-Speed Railway Systems
5.2.2. Gaps in Secondary Corridors and Coordination with Conventional Railway Networks
5.2.3. Gaps in Tertiary Corridors and Edge Repair Strategies with Highway Systems
5.2.4. Optimization of Relay Nodes and Coupling with Transportation Facilities
5.3. Overall Construction Strategy for Heilongjiang’s Historical Heritage Corridors
5.3.1. Hierarchical Collaboration: Establishing a Clear and Functionally Complementary Network Governance Framework
5.3.2. Ecological Synergy: Coordinated Development of Cultural Heritage Corridors and Ecological Protection
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Quantitative Method | Technical Features and Empirical Evaluation | Related Studies |
---|---|---|---|
Experience-Driven | Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) | Technical Features: Determines heritage value weights through expert scoring, combined with GIS kernel density analysis to identify heritage clusters. Empirical Evaluation: Highly subjective but simple to operate, suitable for early-stage planning with limited data. | (Wang, 2009): Constructing cultural heritage corridors using AHP [23]. (Chen, 2014): Hierarchical structure model for corridor landscape system construction [24]. |
Kernel Density Analysis | Technical Features: Defines a core protection range based on experience, overlaying administrative boundaries and natural elements. Empirical Evaluation: Relies on planner experience; requires integration with other quantitative tools for dynamic optimization. | (Liu, 2013): Holistic protection and utilization of linear industrial heritage [25]. | |
Technology-Driven | Nearest Neighbor Index | Technical Features: Measures the distribution pattern of spatial points by calculating the distance between a point and its nearest neighbor. Empirical Evaluation: Assesses the randomness of point distribution and performs statistical significance tests. | (Zhou et al., 2023): Measuring spatial clustering of intangible cultural heritage to reveal distribution characteristics [26]. |
GIS + MCR Model (Minimum Cumulative Resistance) | Technical Features: Integrates land use, elevation, and other factors in ArcGIS to construct a resistance surface. Experts assign resistance values, and the MCR model calculates optimal paths between heritage nodes, identifying connectivity bottlenecks. Empirical Evaluation: Highly quantitative, enabling visualization of corridor suitability, but resistance parameters rely on subjective assignment. | (Yu et al., 2005): Simulating corridor suitability areas using resistance coefficients [27] (Ye et al., 2020): Identifying ecological-cultural composite corridors using the MCR model [21]. (Xu et al., 2023): Extracting ecological corridors using GIS and MCR [28]. | |
Space Syntax Analysis | Technical Features: Quantifies accessibility and integration using space syntax to identify transportation advantages and evaluates spatial structure rationality with an axial model. Empirical Evaluation: Suitable for functional optimization of urban-scale heritage corridors but less sensitive to natural terrain. | (Zhang et al., 2017): Proposing revitalization strategies using space syntax [29]. (Lin et al., 2022): Building a suitability model for heritage corridors using space syntax and axial integration [30]. (Li et al., 2023): Evaluating accessibility and constructing a 3D coupling model for heritage corridors [31]. | |
Kernel Density Analysis + Standard Deviation Ellipse Analysis | Technical Features: Kernel density analysis identifies heritage hotspots, while standard deviation ellipses reveal spatial distribution directions. Empirical Evaluation: Visually reveals distribution directions and morphological features but requires integration with path simulation models for deeper spatial structure analysis. | (Wang, 2022): Quantifying spatiotemporal clustering and distribution evolution of heritage points [32]. (Zhang et al., 2023): Constructing ecological tourism corridors using kernel density analysis, standard deviation ellipses, and the MCR model [33]. | |
Interdisciplinary Integration | Circuit Theory | Technical Features: Analogizes current conduction, treating heritage nodes as “source–sink.” GIS assigns conduction coefficients to calculate effective conduction values, identifying high-resistance areas and integrating cultural (entropy weight method), ecological, and social resistance surfaces to generate comprehensive conduction maps. Empirical Evaluation: Dynamically simulates heritage element flows, overcoming limitations of static models. | (Ognyanova et al., 2024): Combining circuit theory and SNA to analyze heritage node connectivity and conduction, establishing a corridor system [34]. (Wu et al., 2025): Optimizing heritage corridor closure and connectivity using current conduction simulation [16]. |
Geodesign Theory | Technical Features: Integrates GIS spatial analysis with planning and design, overlays natural, cultural, and administrative boundaries, and simulates tourist behavior and community interactions using ABM models. Empirical Evaluation: Achieves integrated planning and analysis but requires multi-departmental collaboration due to model complexity. | (Chen et al., 2014): Integrating GIS spatial analysis with planning and design to delineate heritage corridors [35]. | |
Network Structure Analysis | Technical Features: Evaluates network structure based on graph theory, quantifying node connectivity and path redundancy. Empirical Evaluation: Efficiently quantifies network structure rationality, suitable for multi-scale analysis. | (Wu et al., 2025): Introducing network structure analysis to evaluate corridor structure rationality, optimize path closure, and enhance connectivity analysis adaptability and practicality [16]. |
Item | Information Entropy Value e | Information Utility Value d | Weight Coefficient w |
---|---|---|---|
Elevation Classification | 0.9905 | 0.0095 | 16.90% |
Land Classification | 0.9896 | 0.0104 | 18.53% |
Slope | 0.9856 | 0.0144 | 25.69% |
Accommodation Core Classification | 0.9987 | 0.0013 | 2.26% |
Catering Core Classification | 0.9989 | 0.0011 | 1.89% |
Water Resistance | 0.9948 | 0.0052 | 9.27% |
Road Resistance | 0.9857 | 0.0143 | 25.47% |
Index Name | Meaning | Mathematical Expression | Evaluation Focus |
---|---|---|---|
Index | Degree of Closure | Measures the number of closed loops in the network; higher values indicate greater stability. | |
Index | Degree of Complexity | Assesses the average number of paths connected to each node in the network. | |
Index | Degree of Connectivity | Ratio of actual connections to maximum possible connections, reflecting network accessibility. |
Prefecture-Level City | Total Area km2 | Buildings (No.) | Historical Buildings per km2 (Average) |
---|---|---|---|
Harbin | 53,100 | 298 | 0.0056 |
Daqing City | 21,204.88 | 46 | 0.0022 |
Hegang | 14,684 | 40 | 0.0027 |
Jixi | 22,500 | 28 | 0.0012 |
Mudanjiang | 40,600 | 119 | 0.0029 |
Qitaihe | 6221 | 13 | 0.0021 |
Qiqihar | 42,469 | 116 | 0.0027 |
Shuangyashan | 22,050 | 39 | 0.0018 |
Suihua | 35,000 | 75 | 0.0021 |
Yichun | 32,800 | 43 | 0.0013 |
Jiamusi | 32,460 | 57 | 0.0018 |
Heihe | 68,726 | 80 | 0.0012 |
Typology | Resistance Factor | Weight | Resistance Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
Environment | Elevation (m) | 12.9 | 0–100 | 100–200 | 200–300 | 300–500 | >500 |
Land use | 12.7 | Construction land and unused land | Cultivated land | Grassland and shrubs | Water bodies and wetland | Woodland | |
Slope (°) | 24.3 | 0–3 | 3–5 | 5–10 | 10–20 | >20 | |
Economy | Distance from river (km2) | 7.05 | >20 | 10–20 | 5–10 | 1–5 | 0–1 |
Railway distance (km2) | 8.54 | 0–10 | 10–20 | 20–40 | 40–60 | >60 | |
National highway distance (km2) | 7.21 | 0–5 | 5–10 | 10–20 | 20–40 | >40 | |
Provincial highway distance (km2) | 10.2 | 0–5 | 5–10 | 10–20 | 20–40 | >40 | |
County road distance (km2) | 6.51 | 0–5 | 5–10 | 10–20 | 20–40 | >40 | |
Public service | Food and beverages (n/km2) | 5.97 | >2 | 0.5–2 | 0.05–0.5 | 0.01–0.05 | 0–0.001 |
Accommodation service (n/km2) | 4.6 | >0.5 | 0.1–0.5 | 0.05–0.1 | 0.01–0.05 | 0–0.001 |
Level | Road Classification | Number of Corridors | Average Minimum Path Length | Average Current Flow Betweenness Centrality |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | County Road | 307 | 100,936.04234527687 | −1.0 |
2 | Municipal Road | 81 | 175,527.9012345679 | |
3 | Provincial Road | 13 | 211,725.53846153847 | −1.0 |
Index | Edges | Nodes | Actual Number of Loops/Maximum Possible | α Value | β Value | Maximum Possible Number of Connections | γ Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 401 | 148 | 252/288 | 0.872852 | |||
2 | 401 | 148 | 5.418918 | ||||
3 | 401 | 148 | 10,878 | 0.915525 |
Level | Corresponding Source Area Level | Current Density Level | Path Length Characteristics | Main Functional Positioning |
---|---|---|---|---|
First level | Between provincial -level source areas | High (main channel) | Medium to long distance, laminar | Regional cultural main corridor |
Second level | Between municipal -level source areas | Medium density | Medium to short distance, supplementary line | Regional secondary connecting corridor |
Third level | District-level source areas and micro-nodes | Low (branch channel) | Short distance, terminal node | Micro-cultural extension passage |
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Feng, L.; Sun, J.; Zhai, T.; Miao, M.; Yu, G. Planning for Cultural Connectivity: Modeling and Strategic Use of Architectural Heritage Corridors in Heilongjiang Province, China. Buildings 2025, 15, 1970. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15121970
Feng L, Sun J, Zhai T, Miao M, Yu G. Planning for Cultural Connectivity: Modeling and Strategic Use of Architectural Heritage Corridors in Heilongjiang Province, China. Buildings. 2025; 15(12):1970. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15121970
Chicago/Turabian StyleFeng, Lyuhang, Jiawei Sun, Tongtong Zhai, Mingrui Miao, and Guanchao Yu. 2025. "Planning for Cultural Connectivity: Modeling and Strategic Use of Architectural Heritage Corridors in Heilongjiang Province, China" Buildings 15, no. 12: 1970. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15121970
APA StyleFeng, L., Sun, J., Zhai, T., Miao, M., & Yu, G. (2025). Planning for Cultural Connectivity: Modeling and Strategic Use of Architectural Heritage Corridors in Heilongjiang Province, China. Buildings, 15(12), 1970. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15121970