Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete: A Comparative Study of Basalt- and Glass-Fiber Reinforcements
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Program and Setup
2.1. Sample Preparation
2.2. Experimental Apparatus and Methodology
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Compressive Performance Parameters
3.1.1. Compressive Strength
3.1.2. Compressive Load–Displacement Curve
3.1.3. Compressive Toughness Evaluation
3.1.4. Summary of Compressive Performance Results
3.2. Tensile Performance Parameters
3.2.1. Tensile Strength
3.2.2. Tensile Load–Displacement Curve
3.2.3. Fracture Energy
3.2.4. Tension–Compression Ratio
3.2.5. Summary of Tensile Performance Results
3.3. Bending Performance Parameters
3.3.1. Bending Strength
3.3.2. Bending Load–Deflection Curve
- Bending Strength Increase: the crack-bridging effect of basalt and glass leads to higher flexural strength as fibers effectively resist tensile stresses at the microcrack level, and fibers distribute stress more evenly across the composite, enhancing the resistance of concrete to bending forces.
- Ductility Decrease: (1) Stiffness of Fibers: Glass and basalt fibers are relatively stiff. As shown in Figure 22, they increase strength by resisting crack propagation but decrease the ductility by enhancing the flexural modulus of fiber-reinforced RAC. The slope of the P sample (λP) as the deflection between 0.35 and 0.45 mm is 19.5, while the slopes of B1.0 (λB1.0) and G1.0 (λG1.0), as the deflection between 0.30 and 0.40 mm, are 21.2 and 19.8, respectively. They limit the ability of the concrete matrix to deform under load, leading to reduced ductility, especially shown in the load–deflection curve of B1.0 and G1.0. (2) Matrix Modification: the fiber three-dimensional network structure reduces the free movement of aggregates and the concrete matrix, making the composite less flexible, which is reflected by the decreased deflection of concrete under a 1 KN axial load in the curves.
3.3.3. Bending Toughness Evaluation
3.3.4. Bending–Compression Ratio
3.3.5. Flexural Strength Prediction Model
- (1)
- The concrete matrix is assumed to be an isotropic linear elastic material;
- (2)
- It is assumed that at higher fiber volume fractions, the strength of the matrix decays due to agglomeration of fibers with increased porosity;
- (3)
- The strengthening and deterioration mechanisms of different fiber types are described by independent parameters.
3.3.6. Summary of Flexural Performance Results
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- RAC with 1.5% glass fiber exhibits the best tensile and flexural performance, though it slightly reduces the compressive strength. In contrast, 1% glass fiber offers slightly lower tensile and flexural performance but marginally improves compressive strength. Therefore, the optimal glass fiber content ranges between 1% and 1.5%.
- (2)
- The compressive strength of RAC is reduced by the addition of basalt fibers. At a fiber content of 2%, specimens achieve the best compressive and tensile performance, while obtaining the highest flexural performance at 1%. Thus, the dosage of basalt fibers should be determined based on the specific performance requirements for the intended application.
- (3)
- Both types of fibers can improve the tensile and flexural performance of RAC, especially glass fibers, but a barely positive effect is observed on the compressive performance. In addition, improved models for calculating compressive toughness and flexural strength are proposed, which more accurately reflect the relationship between toughness, crack resistance, and load-bearing performance, demonstrating good accuracy and practical applicability for flexural structural design.
- (4)
- Fiber addition alters failure modes, improving ductility and preventing brittle failure. Glass fibers exhibit better bonding but tend to agglomerate at high contents, whereas basalt fibers are more uniformly distributed but less effective in crack resistance and energy absorption due to their lower strength and modulus, resulting in weaker bridging effects.
- (5)
- This study mainly focuses on mechanical performance under static loading. Dynamic performance, long-term durability, and hybrid fiber combinations remain to be explored. Moreover, the study did not include a natural aggregate concrete (NAC) control group, which limits the ability to directly quantify the performance differences introduced by using recycled aggregates. Investigations into fiber dispersion control and environmental influences on fiber–RAC interaction are also recommended to further optimize FR-RAC performance for practical applications.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Cement | Fine Aggregate | Coarse Aggregate | Water | Fiber Type | Volume Fraction |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.75 | 0.55 | / | / |
B1.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.75 | 0.55 | Basalt | 1.0% |
B1.5 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.75 | 0.55 | Basalt | 1.5% |
B2.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.75 | 0.55 | Basalt | 2.0% |
B2.5 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.75 | 0.55 | Basalt | 2.5% |
G1.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.75 | 0.55 | Glass | 1.0% |
G1.5 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.75 | 0.55 | Glass | 1.5% |
G2.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.75 | 0.55 | Glass | 2.0% |
G2.5 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.75 | 0.55 | Glass | 2.5% |
Specific Surface Area (m2/kg) | Setting Time (min) | Flexural Strength (MPa) | Compressive Strength (MPa) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial Setting | Final Setting | 3 d | 28 d | 3 d | 28 d | |
355 | 233 | 293 | 5.5 | 8.2 | 26.6 | 50.4 |
Type | Apparent Density (kg/m3) | Water Absorption (%) | Moisture Content (%) | Crushing Index (%) | Needle Flake Content (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Natural aggregate | 2670 | 0.82 | 0.72 | 8.36 | 17 |
Recycled aggregate | 2630 | 3.55 | 0.45 | 18.53 | 11 |
Fiber Type | Density (g/cm3) | Elastic Modulus (GPa) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Breaking Elongation (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Glass | 2.68 | 80 | 1834 | 3.0 |
Basalt | 2.64 | 75 | 1821 | 3.0 |
Sample | Fiber Type | Vf | fc (MPa) | cov | εc (mm) | I0 | I1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P | \ | \ | 55.19 | 0.039 | 1.19 | \ | \ |
B1.0 | Basalt | 1.0% | 46.70 | 0.025 | 1.31 | 2.36 | 1.31 |
B1.5 | Basalt | 1.5% | 48.21 | 0.034 | 1.60 | 2.13 | 1.36 |
B2.0 | Basalt | 2.0% | 49.92 | 0.033 | 1.30 | 1.78 | 1.49 |
B2.5 | Basalt | 2.5% | 46.62 | 0.027 | 1.53 | 2.67 | 1.51 |
G1.0 | Glass | 1.0% | 55.93 | 0.030 | 1.43 | 2.00 | 1.30 |
G1.5 | Glass | 1.5% | 47.68 | 0.058 | 1.17 | 2.06 | 1.44 |
G2.0 | Glass | 2.0% | 48.14 | 0.046 | 1.44 | 2.02 | 1.47 |
G2.5 | Glass | 2.5% | 32.43 | 0.029 | 1.41 | 1.90 | 1.44 |
Sample | Fiber Type | Vf | ft (MPa) | cov | εt (mm) | Et (J) | ft/fc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P | \ | \ | 4.62 | 0.027 | 3.06 | 94.64 | 0.08 |
B1.0 | Basalt | 1.0% | 5.04 | 0.035 | 3.37 | 120.65 | 0.11 |
B1.5 | Basalt | 1.5% | 5.27 | 0.024 | 3.46 | 119.92 | 0.11 |
B2.0 | Basalt | 2.0% | 5.64 | 0.023 | 3.44 | 116.69 | 0.11 |
B2.5 | Basalt | 2.5% | 4.55 | 0.037 | 2.74 | 88.77 | 0.10 |
G1.0 | Glass | 1.0% | 6.17 | 0.030 | 3.86 | 132.13 | 0.11 |
G1.5 | Glass | 1.5% | 6.45 | 0.048 | 3.88 | 152.03 | 0.13 |
G2.0 | Glass | 2.0% | 5.12 | 0.042 | 3.03 | 103.53 | 0.11 |
G2.5 | Glass | 2.5% | 4.44 | 0.039 | 3.29 | 100.75 | 0.14 |
Sample | Fiber Type | Vf | ff (MPa) | cov | df (mm) | Tf (J) | ff/fc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P | \ | \ | 9.26 | 0.020 | 0.48 | 0.64 | 0.17 |
B1.0 | Basalt | 1.0% | 10.37 | 0.025 | 0.41 | 0.67 | 0.22 |
B1.5 | Basalt | 1.5% | 9.43 | 0.030 | 0.43 | 0.65 | 0.20 |
B2.0 | Basalt | 2.0% | 9.17 | 0.027 | 0.42 | 0.61 | 0.18 |
B2.5 | Basalt | 2.5% | 8.22 | 0.038 | 0.50 | 0.61 | 0.18 |
G1.0 | Glass | 1.0% | 10.64 | 0.021 | 0.43 | 0.84 | 0.19 |
G1.5 | Glass | 1.5% | 10.16 | 0.026 | 0.48 | 0.91 | 0.21 |
G2.0 | Glass | 2.0% | 10.11 | 0.034 | 0.48 | 0.74 | 0.21 |
G2.5 | Glass | 2.5% | 4.93 | 0.045 | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.15 |
Fiber Type | (MPa/%) | (MPa/%) | (%−1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Basalt | 0.00 | 18.70 | 1.16 | 4.48 |
Glass | 10.70 | 0.00 | 14.33 |
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Bao, S.; Wang, S.; Xia, H.; Liu, K.; Tang, X.; Jin, P. Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete: A Comparative Study of Basalt- and Glass-Fiber Reinforcements. Buildings 2025, 15, 1718. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101718
Bao S, Wang S, Xia H, Liu K, Tang X, Jin P. Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete: A Comparative Study of Basalt- and Glass-Fiber Reinforcements. Buildings. 2025; 15(10):1718. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101718
Chicago/Turabian StyleBao, Shibo, Shuangjie Wang, Huahua Xia, Kewei Liu, Xugang Tang, and Peng Jin. 2025. "Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete: A Comparative Study of Basalt- and Glass-Fiber Reinforcements" Buildings 15, no. 10: 1718. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101718
APA StyleBao, S., Wang, S., Xia, H., Liu, K., Tang, X., & Jin, P. (2025). Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete: A Comparative Study of Basalt- and Glass-Fiber Reinforcements. Buildings, 15(10), 1718. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101718