Multi-Project Staff Scheduling Optimization Considering Employee Welfare in Construction Projects
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Literature Review on Resource Scheduling Issues
2.2. Literature Review on Employee Benefit Issues
2.3. Research Gaps and Contributions
3. Model Construction
3.1. Problem Description
3.2. Parameter Settings
3.3. Research Hypothesis
3.4. Mixed-Integer Programming Modeling
4. Algorithm Design
4.1. Basic Spider Wasp Optimization Algorithm
4.1.1. Scenario Generation and Targeting
Search Stage (Exploration Operator)
Following and Escaping Stage (Exploration and Exploitation Operator)
Nesting Behavior (Exploitation Operator)
4.1.2. Mating Behavior
4.1.3. Population Reduction and Memory Saving
4.2. Improved Spider Wasp Optimization Algorithm
4.2.1. Enhancement of the Global Search Strategy
4.2.2. Enhancement of the Local Search Strategy
5. Algorithm Testing
5.1. Test Case Generation
5.2. Algorithm Parameter Setting
5.3. Test Results and Discussion
6. Example Analysis
6.1. Case Study Introduction
6.2. Algorithm Operation Results and Analysis
6.2.1. Results of Running the Improved Spider Wasp Optimization Algorithm
6.2.2. Scheduling Optimization Results and Analysis
6.3. Management Recommendations
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Project Number | Task Number | Employee Number 1 | Employee Number 2 | Employee Number 3 | Employee Number 4 | Employee Number 5 | Employee Number 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 221 | 115 | 138 | 165 | 145 | 208 |
2 | 227 | 220 | 105 | 112 | 265 | 178 | |
3 | 216 | 197 | 110 | 187 | 124 | 293 | |
4 | 196 | 287 | 239 | 165 | 285 | 220 | |
5 | 266 | 113 | 148 | 222 | 262 | 182 | |
6 | 275 | 180 | 279 | 134 | 197 | 217 | |
7 | 196 | 206 | 128 | 150 | 178 | 107 | |
8 | 215 | 253 | 182 | 207 | 185 | 190 | |
9 | 185 | 157 | 264 | 259 | 171 | 212 | |
10 | 210 | 265 | 229 | 284 | 260 | 108 | |
2 | 1 | 114 | 299 | 166 | 228 | 279 | 162 |
2 | 281 | 262 | 268 | 236 | 109 | 273 | |
3 | 161 | 147 | 199 | 142 | 261 | 179 | |
4 | 146 | 271 | 194 | 214 | 127 | 213 | |
5 | 182 | 236 | 289 | 100 | 224 | 202 | |
6 | 193 | 258 | 243 | 117 | 277 | 225 | |
7 | 273 | 266 | 165 | 106 | 123 | 198 | |
8 | 252 | 103 | 292 | 104 | 281 | 232 | |
9 | 161 | 263 | 265 | 153 | 219 | 180 | |
10 | 290 | 283 | 235 | 283 | 278 | 121 |
Project Number | Task Number | Employee Number 1 | Employee Number 2 | Employee Number 3 | Employee Number 4 | Employee Number 5 | Employee Number 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 14 | 8 | 12 | 10 | 11 | 8 |
2 | 7 | 14 | 6 | 14 | 16 | 9 | |
3 | 14 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 13 | 6 | |
4 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 6 | 6 | |
5 | 6 | 14 | 11 | 7 | 6 | 9 | |
6 | 6 | 9 | 6 | 12 | 8 | 8 | |
7 | 9 | 8 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 15 | |
8 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 9 | |
9 | 14 | 10 | 6 | 6 | 9 | 8 | |
10 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 15 | 6 | |
2 | 1 | 14 | 6 | 10 | 7 | 6 | 10 |
2 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 15 | 6 | |
3 | 10 | 13 | 8 | 12 | 7 | 6 | |
4 | 11 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 13 | 8 | |
5 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 16 | 7 | 6 | |
6 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 14 | 6 | 8 | |
7 | 6 | 6 | 10 | 15 | 13 | 8 | |
8 | 16 | 16 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 7 | |
9 | 10 | 6 | 6 | 11 | 7 | 9 | |
10 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 13 |
Project Number | Task Number | Employee Number 1 | Employee Number 2 | Employee Number 3 | Employee Number 4 | Employee Number 5 | Employee Number 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 5 |
2 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 4 | |
3 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 6 | |
4 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 3 | |
5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 6 | |
6 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 6 | |
7 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 4 | |
8 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 6 | |
9 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 3 | |
10 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
2 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 6 |
2 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | |
3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 6 | |
4 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 6 | |
5 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | |
6 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 6 | |
8 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | |
9 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 4 | |
10 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 |
Project Number | Task Number | Skill 1 | Skill 2 |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 0 | 0.9 |
2 | 0.82 | 0.88 | |
3 | 0.94 | 0 | |
4 | 0 | 0.87 | |
5 | 0.87 | 0.94 | |
6 | 0.88 | 0.74 | |
7 | 0 | 0.81 | |
8 | 0.81 | 0.93 | |
9 | 0.83 | 0 | |
10 | 0.85 | 0 | |
2 | 1 | 0.7 | 0.82 |
2 | 0.91 | 0.95 | |
3 | 0 | 0.78 | |
4 | 0.94 | 0.97 | |
5 | 0.72 | 0.9 | |
6 | 0.9 | 0 | |
7 | 0.78 | 0.9 | |
8 | 0 | 0.94 | |
9 | 0.97 | 0 | |
10 | 0.72 | 0.82 |
Skill 1 | Skill 2 | |
---|---|---|
Employee number 1 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
Employee number 2 | 0.86 | 0.92 |
Employee number 3 | 0.99 | 0.81 |
Employee number 4 | 0.77 | 0.99 |
Employee number 5 | 0.94 | 0.99 |
Employee number 6 | 0.99 | 0.84 |
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Parameters | Parameter Meaning |
---|---|
I | Project collection, i1, i2∈I |
H | Set of personnel, h∈H |
J | Set of tasks, j1, j2∈J |
K | Set of skills, k∈K |
The time required for task j of project i to be completed by personnel h | |
The cost associated with task j of project i being serviced by person h | |
The proficiency of personnel h in skill k | |
The number of resources required to service task j of project i by person h | |
The incremental welfare of task j of project i for person h | |
Proficiency requirements for skill k for task j of item i | |
The basic pay for personnel h | |
Whether task j1 in project i is the immediately preceding task of task j2: 1 if yes; 0 otherwise | |
The maximum budget | |
The maximum duration of project i | |
The maximum number of resources | |
The weighting of item i in terms of duration | |
The maximum income from personnel | |
The minimum income for personnel | |
The maximum time for personnel to perform | |
The minimum time for personnel to perform | |
The weighting of time, cost, and resources | |
The weighting of income, time, and equilibrium | |
The weighting of projects and employees | |
Whether task j of item i is serviced by person h: 1 if yes; 0 otherwise | |
Time of the start of execution of task j for project i | |
The time at which task j of item i ends its execution |
Algorithm Name | Parameter Configuration | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CSO | Population size | Number of iterations | G | Percentage of roosters | Proportion of hens |
100 | 500 | 10 | 0.15 | 0.7 | |
PSO | Population size | Number of iterations | cc | Particle velocity range | Inertial weighting |
100 | 500 | [1.5, 1.5] | [−0.5, 0.5] | 0.8 | |
SWO | Population size | Number of iterations | |||
100 | 500 | ||||
SMA | Population size | Number of iterations | |||
100 | 500 | ||||
GWO | Population size | Number of iterations | A | ||
100 | 500 | 2 | |||
SWOIM | Population size | Number of iterations | |||
100 | 500 |
Case Scale (Number of Projects, Number of Assignments, Number of Personnel) | Algorithm Name | Optimum Value | Average Value | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|
(4,10,6) | CSO | −223,400 | −256,160 | 13,885 |
PSO | −245,300 | −298,480 | 19,080 | |
SWO | −211,300 | −220,710 | 5295 | |
SMA | −211,100 | −222,990 | 7721 | |
GWO | −226,000 | −255,670 | 11,273 | |
SWOIM | −211,100 | −211,100 | 0 | |
(2,10,6) | CSO | 0.6261 | 0.5945 | 0.0123 |
PSO | 0.6187 | 0.5608 | 0.0210 | |
SWO | 0.6216 | 0.5958 | 0.0105 | |
SMA | 0.6313 | 0.5905 | 0.0180 | |
GWO | 0.6313 | 0.5959 | 0.0165 | |
SWOIM | 0.6324 | 0.6098 | 0.0123 | |
(2,10,10) | CSO | 0.5989 | 0.5629 | 0.0141 |
PSO | 0.5804 | 0.5283 | 0.0201 | |
SWO | 0.6046 | 0.5682 | 0.0111 | |
SMA | 0.5922 | 0.5547 | 0.0136 | |
GWO | 0.5829 | 0.5500 | 0.0116 | |
SWOIM | 0.6132 | 0.5908 | 0.0108 |
Project Number | Task Number | Employee Number 1 | Employee Number 2 | Employee Number 3 | Employee Number 4 | Employee Number 5 | Employee Number 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 92 | 90 | 115 | 86 | 65 | 50 |
2 | 103 | 67 | 102 | 116 | 112 | 108 | |
3 | 86 | 103 | 73 | 117 | 93 | 69 | |
4 | 72 | 86 | 76 | 90 | 91 | 64 | |
5 | 105 | 78 | 60 | 99 | 103 | 94 | |
6 | 118 | 71 | 86 | 52 | 52 | 114 | |
7 | 116 | 82 | 67 | 53 | 67 | 56 | |
8 | 107 | 52 | 99 | 79 | 75 | 56 | |
9 | 118 | 111 | 62 | 96 | 54 | 52 | |
10 | 75 | 51 | 62 | 66 | 71 | 96 | |
2 | 1 | 87 | 101 | 70 | 77 | 93 | 87 |
2 | 50 | 101 | 86 | 65 | 91 | 57 | |
3 | 108 | 61 | 69 | 115 | 65 | 73 | |
4 | 82 | 120 | 53 | 91 | 59 | 85 | |
5 | 92 | 80 | 108 | 59 | 118 | 75 | |
6 | 93 | 105 | 72 | 51 | 53 | 110 | |
7 | 66 | 100 | 103 | 105 | 107 | 107 | |
8 | 69 | 59 | 55 | 76 | 117 | 107 | |
9 | 78 | 91 | 69 | 68 | 69 | 95 | |
10 | 110 | 101 | 100 | 99 | 104 | 53 |
Project Number | Preceding Operation | Subsequent Operation |
---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 3 |
4 | 7 | |
6 | 8 | |
8 | 10 | |
2 | 2 | 5 |
3 | 5 | |
4 | 8 | |
8 | 10 |
Basic Salary | |
---|---|
Employee number 1 | 6267 |
Employee number 2 | 6128 |
Employee number 3 | 6159 |
Employee number 4 | 5966 |
Employee number 5 | 6208 |
Employee number 6 | 6134 |
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Peng, J.; Zhou, F. Multi-Project Staff Scheduling Optimization Considering Employee Welfare in Construction Projects. Buildings 2025, 15, 1706. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101706
Peng J, Zhou F. Multi-Project Staff Scheduling Optimization Considering Employee Welfare in Construction Projects. Buildings. 2025; 15(10):1706. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101706
Chicago/Turabian StylePeng, Junlong, and Fei Zhou. 2025. "Multi-Project Staff Scheduling Optimization Considering Employee Welfare in Construction Projects" Buildings 15, no. 10: 1706. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101706
APA StylePeng, J., & Zhou, F. (2025). Multi-Project Staff Scheduling Optimization Considering Employee Welfare in Construction Projects. Buildings, 15(10), 1706. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101706