Development of a Built Environment–Self-Efficacy–Activity Engagement–Self-Rated Health Model for Older Adults in Urban Residential Areas
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Built Environment for Active and Healthy Aging
2.2. Older People’s Self-Efficacy for Daily Activity
2.3. Features of Older People’s Activity Engagement
2.4. Older People’s Self-Rated Health
3. Conceptual Model
4. Research Methodology
4.1. Questionnaire Survey
4.2. Sample
4.3. Statistical Analysis Methods
5. Results
5.1. Factor Analysis and Reliability Test
5.2. Spearman Correlation Analysis
5.3. Hierarchical Regression Analysis
5.4. Model Establishment
6. Discussion
6.1. Effect of BE on Self-Efficacy
6.2. Effect of BE and Self-Efficacy on Activity Engagement
6.3. Effect of BE, Self-Efficacy, and Activity Engagement on Self-Rated Health
7. Recommendations
7.1. Practical Recommendations
7.2. Research Limitations and Future Study
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factors | Nature | S/N | Items | Factor Loading | α |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Self-efficacy (KMO = 0.875) | |||||
SE1—Walking ability | + | SE11 | I can walk 100 feet on flat ground. | 0.732 | 0.846 |
+ | SE12 | I can walk 10 steps downstairs. | 0.828 | ||
+ | SE13 | I can get in and out of the passenger side of a car without assistance from another person or physical aid. | 0.825 | ||
+ | SE14 | I can go on a trip that keeps you away from home for the whole day. | 0.685 | ||
SE2—Self-care ability | + | SE21 | I can take good care of my home. | 0.836 | 0.916 |
+ | SE22 | I can get dressed or undressed without assistance. | 0.882 | ||
+ | SE23 | I can take a bath or shower without assistance from someone else. | 0.877 | ||
Activity Engagement and Self-rated Health (KMO = 0.870) | |||||
Activity Engagement | |||||
AE—Activity engagement | + | AE1 | I regularly do these sedentary activities throughout the day (tea ceremony, knitting, chatting, playing cards, listening to music, drawing, collection, and appreciation). | 0.847 | 0.876 |
+ | AE2 | I regularly do the following indoor standing activities during the day (singing, dancing, playing instruments, exercising, and gardening). | 0.850 | ||
+ | AE3 | I regularly do the following outdoor standing activities during the day (walking, hiking, fishing, exercising, going to the park, photography, and traveling). | 0.875 | ||
Self-rated Health | |||||
SH—Self-rated health | + | SH1 | I like to keep my belongings neat and clean. | 0.793 | 0.887 |
+ | SH2 | I can make my own decisions concerning my personal affairs. | 0.813 | ||
+ | SH3 | I am as happy now as when I was younger. | 0.709 | ||
+ | SH4 | I have very good eyesight (wearing glasses or contact lenses). | 0.726 | ||
+ | SH5 | My hearing is very good (using hearing aids). | 0.801 | ||
+ | SH6 | I think my current health is very good. | 0.746 |
Factors | Nature | S/N | Items | α |
---|---|---|---|---|
BE | ||||
BE1—Accessibility | + | BE11 | Most of the houses in my neighborhood are elevator housing. | 0.790 |
+ | BE12 | Buildings in my neighborhood have wheelchair access and handrails. | ||
+ | BE13 | Public places in my neighborhood have toilets for people with disabilities. | ||
BE2—Land use mix | + | BE21 | I can do most of my shopping at local stores. | 0.634 |
− | BE22 | Parking is difficult in local shopping areas. | ||
− | BE23 | There are many canyons/hillsides in my neighborhood that limit the number of routes for getting from place to place. | ||
BE3—Street connectivity | + | BE31 | The streets in my neighborhood do not have many, or any, cul-de-sacs. | 0.745 |
+ | BE32 | The distance between intersections in my neighborhood is usually short. | ||
+ | BE33 | There are many four-way intersections in my neighborhood. | ||
BE4—Walking facilities | + | BE41 | The sidewalks in my neighborhood are well maintained. | 0.769 |
+ | BE42 | Resting places are available during walks. | ||
+ | BE43 | There are pedestrian or bicycle trails in or near my neighborhood that are easy to get to. | ||
BE5—Esthetics | + | BE51 | There are many attractive natural sights in my neighborhood (such as landscaping and views). | 0.857 |
+ | BE52 | There are attractive buildings/homes in my neighborhood. | ||
+ | BE53 | There is an open recreation area (e.g., park, beach, or other open space) within easy walking distance of my home. | ||
BE6—Transportation | + | BE61 | The traffic speed on most nearby streets is usually slow (30 mph or less). | 0.776 |
+ | BE62 | There are crosswalks and pedestrian signals to help walkers cross busy streets in my neighborhood. | ||
+ | BE63 | There is a transit stop (such as a bus stop, train, trolley, or tram station) within easy walking distance of my home. |
Factor | SE1 | SE2 | AE | SH |
---|---|---|---|---|
SE1—Walking ability | 1 | |||
SE2—Self-care ability | 0.703 ** | 1 | ||
AE—Activity engagement | 0.677 ** | 0.742 ** | 1 | |
SH—Self-rated health | 0.625 ** | 0.722 ** | 0.717 ** | 1 |
BE1—Accessibility | −0.036 | −0.038 | −0.028 | 0.044 |
BE2—Land use mix | 0.132 * | 0.329 ** | 0.134 ** | 0.259 ** |
BE3—Street connectivity | 0.351 ** | 0.456 ** | 0. 379 ** | 0.500 ** |
BE4—Walking facilities | 0.268 ** | 0.291 ** | 0.249 ** | 0.348 ** |
BE5—Esthetics | 0.270 ** | 0.246 ** | 0.304 ** | 0.352** |
BE6—Transportation | 0.300 ** | 0.337 ** | 0.335 ** | 0.457 ** |
Models | B | S.E. | Sig. | VIF | R | AR2 | ΔR2 | ANOVA | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | Sig. | |||||||||
1a | Walking Ability | Self-efficacy | ||||||||
Constant | 0.929 | 0.159 | 0.000 | 0.692 | 0.477 | 0.478 | 339.435 | 0.000 | ||
SE2 Self-care ability | 0.700 | 0.038 | 0.000 | 1.000 | ||||||
1b | Walking Ability | Self-efficacy, BE | ||||||||
Constant | 0.938 | 0.226 | 0.000 | 0.710 | 0.495 | 0.026 | 52.956 | 0.000 | ||
SE2 Self-care ability | 0.676 | 0.044 | 0.000 | 1.386 | ||||||
BE1 Accessibility | −0.082 | 0.037 | 0.029 | 1.577 | ||||||
BE2 Land use mix | −0.130 | 0.041 | 0.002 | 1.258 | ||||||
2a | Self-care Ability | Self-efficacy | ||||||||
Constant | 1.503 | 0.145 | 0.000 | 0.692 | 0.477 | 0.478 | 339.435 | 0.000 | ||
SE1 Walking ability | 0.683 | 0.037 | 0.000 | 1.000 | ||||||
2b | Self-care Ability | Self-efficacy, BE | ||||||||
Constant | 0.477 | 0.213 | 0.026 | 0.750 | 0.554 | 0.084 | 66.895 | 0.000 | ||
SE1 Walking ability | 0.583 | 0.038 | 0.000 | 1.223 | ||||||
BE2 Land use mix | 0.186 | 0.037 | 0.000 | 1.211 | ||||||
BE3 Street connectivity | 0.136 | 0.047 | 0.004 | 1.646 | ||||||
3a | Activity Engagement | Self-efficacy | ||||||||
Constant | 0.785 | 0.226 | 0.001 | 0.535 | 0.283 | 0.286 | 74.047 | 0.000 | ||
SE1 Walking ability | 0.356 | 0.071 | 0.000 | 1.917 | ||||||
SE2 Self-care ability | 0.322 | 0.071 | 0.000 | 1.917 | ||||||
3b | Activity Engagement | Self-efficacy, BE | ||||||||
Constant | 0.811 | 0.312 | 0.010 | 0.574 | 0.315 | 0.043 | 22.298 | 0.000 | ||
SE1 Walking ability | 0.299 | 0.071 | 0.000 | 2.018 | ||||||
SE2 Self-care ability | 0.368 | 0.076 | 0.000 | 2.286 | ||||||
BE2 Land use mix | −0.166 | 0.056 | 0.003 | 1.293 | ||||||
BE5 Esthetics | 0.204 | 0.076 | 0.007 | 2.146 | ||||||
4a | Self-rated Health | Activity Engagement | ||||||||
Constant | 2.232 | 0.122 | 0.000 | 0.555 | 0.306 | 0.308 | 164.445 | 0.000 | ||
AE Activity engagement | 0.433 | 0.034 | 0.000 | 1.000 | ||||||
4b | Self-rated Health | Activity Engagement, Self-efficacy | ||||||||
Constant | 0.685 | 0.137 | 0.000 | 0.767 | 0.585 | 0.280 | 175.060 | 0.000 | ||
AE Activity engagement | 0.184 | 0.031 | 0.000 | 1.401 | ||||||
SE1 Walking ability | 0.126 | 0.043 | 0.004 | 2.049 | ||||||
SE2 Self-care ability | 0.471 | 0.044 | 0.000 | 2.023 | ||||||
4c | Self-rated Health | Activity Engagement, Self-efficacy, BE | ||||||||
Constant | −0.080 | 0.180 | 0.655 | 0.803 | 0.636 | 0.057 | 73.054 | 0.000 | ||
AE Activity engagement | 0.179 | 0.030 | 0.000 | 1.491 | ||||||
SE1 Walking ability | 0.117 | 0.041 | 0.005 | 2.117 | ||||||
SE2 Self-care ability | 0.358 | 0.045 | 0.000 | 2.434 | ||||||
BE2 Land use mix | 0.084 | 0.032 | 0.010 | 1.325 | ||||||
BE3 Street connectivity | 0.098 | 0.039 | 0.013 | 1.685 | ||||||
BE6 Transportation | 0.160 | 0.041 | 0.000 | 1.610 |
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Wang, C.; Chen, F.; Lin, Y.; Qiang, S.; Sun, J. Development of a Built Environment–Self-Efficacy–Activity Engagement–Self-Rated Health Model for Older Adults in Urban Residential Areas. Buildings 2025, 15, 1660. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101660
Wang C, Chen F, Lin Y, Qiang S, Sun J. Development of a Built Environment–Self-Efficacy–Activity Engagement–Self-Rated Health Model for Older Adults in Urban Residential Areas. Buildings. 2025; 15(10):1660. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101660
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Chendi, Fangyi Chen, Yujie Lin, Shaohua Qiang, and Jingsong Sun. 2025. "Development of a Built Environment–Self-Efficacy–Activity Engagement–Self-Rated Health Model for Older Adults in Urban Residential Areas" Buildings 15, no. 10: 1660. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101660
APA StyleWang, C., Chen, F., Lin, Y., Qiang, S., & Sun, J. (2025). Development of a Built Environment–Self-Efficacy–Activity Engagement–Self-Rated Health Model for Older Adults in Urban Residential Areas. Buildings, 15(10), 1660. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101660