Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Beijing Residents’ Lifestyles: Data-Driven Insights into Apartment Interior Design
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethnographic User Observation
2.2. Noldus Observer XT
2.3. Sample Selection
2.4. Setting Code Schema
2.5. Observation Process
3. Results
3.1. Living Behavior Dataset
- The Excel file contains information about the behavior of the users in the observation, as well as the space and the objects used.
- The “Case Code” column shows the households’ coding and the recording date, with a total of six household codes: ab2.01; c3.04; a2.02; c2.02; b2.01; and c3.02. Each household contains 14 days of data in the format xx months xx day.
- The “Time” column indicates when the behavior occurred in the hour: minute: second format in 24 h format.
- The “Duration” column records the duration of the behavior; the duration is only present in the code of the start of the behavior, and the data are blank in the stop code.
- The “User” column records the emitter of the behavior.
- The “Behavior” column indicates the specific behavior performed, which is divided into 41 types and grouped into 11 main behavior categories (specific codes are detailed in Table 6).
- The “Space” column indicates where the behavior occurred.
- The “Start–Stop” column expresses the start attribute of the behavior, divided into start and stop.
- The “Insight” column records the researcher’s perception of the behavior during observation.
3.2. Behavior Duration and Frequency Data
3.3. User Behavior Timeline Data
4. Discussion
4.1. General Analysis of Lifestyles
4.2. The Design Direction of the Interior Through Lifestyles
- Design that considers temporal differences in behavior.
- 2.
- Living room design centered on child behavior.
- 3.
- Common family behavior linked to eating behavior.
- 4.
- The consideration of the home office and the massive use of electronic devices in the digital age.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Family Code | Plan | Information |
---|---|---|
a2.01 | 88 m2—Girl, 3rd | |
a2.02 | 89 m2—Boy, 3rd | |
a2.03 | 90 m2—Girl, 2nd | |
a2.04 | 100 m2—Boy, 3rd | |
a3.01 | 102 m2—Boy, 3rd | |
ac3.01 | 70 m2—Boy, 9th; Girl, 1st | |
ac3.02 | 110 m2—Boy, 10th; Girl, 1st |
Family Code | Plan | Information |
---|---|---|
ab2.01 | 80 m2—Boy, 6th; Boy, 3m | |
ab3.01 | 150 m2—Boy, 7th; Boy, 7m | |
b3.01 | 141 m2—Boy, 7th | |
b2.01 | 89 m2—Girl, 5th | |
b2.02 | 141 m2—Boy, 7th |
Family Code | Plan | Information |
---|---|---|
c3.01 | 138 m2—Girl, 9th | |
c3.02 | 143 m2—Boy, 9th | |
c3.03 | 80 m2—Girl, 8th | |
c3.04 | 76 m2—Boy, 7th | |
c2.01 | 120 m2—Girl, 10th | |
c2.02 | 89 m2—Boy, 8th | |
c2.03 | 65 m2—Boy, 10th |
Family Code | Plan | Information |
---|---|---|
d2.01 | 94 m2—Boy, 13th | |
d2.02 | 70 m2—Boy, 13th | |
d2.03 | 99 m2—Boy, 16th | |
d2.04 | 150 m2—Boy, 13th | |
d3.01 | 135.5 m2—Boy, 16th | |
d3.02 | 75 m2—Boy, 16th |
Family Code | Recorded Plan |
---|---|
ab2.01 | |
c3.04 | |
a2.02 | |
c2.02 | |
b2.01 | |
c3.02 |
User Code | Behavior Code | Space Code | Object Code |
---|---|---|---|
Mother Father Kid1 Kid2 Grandmother Grandfather Guest Nanny | Cooking (CO) Doing housework (DH) Working (WO) Caring for kid (CK) Self-management (SM) Eating (EA) Communicating (CM) Education (ED) Resting (RE) Physiological activities (PAs) Using object (UO) | Living room Bathroom Kitchen Entrance Utility Dining room Main room Room1 Room2 | Cooking Object Housework Object Office Object Bedding Personal Object Food Furniture Electronics Kid Object |
Behavior Coding | Sub-Behavior Coding | Description |
---|---|---|
Cooking (CO) Act of cooking in all processes, specifically refers to cooking | Preparing food | Process of preparing food, including washing vegetables, panning rice, cutting vegetables, and other acts in preparation process of cooking |
Dishwashing | Washing dishes and cooking utensils | |
Cooking food | Main process of cooking, frying, steaming, and other acts in process of cooking | |
Cleaning | Cleanup of cooking areas and other related cleanup actions | |
Doing housework (DH) Housework-related behaviors | Organizing things | Behaviors of organizing stuff |
Cleaning room | Act of cleaning up room | |
Laundry | Act of washing clothes and other fabrics | |
Working (WO) Work-related behaviors | Reading | Specifically refers to act of reading at work |
Writing | Acts of writing and other writing-related actions | |
Using electronics | Use of electric appliances at work | |
Caring for kid (CK) Parenting behaviors that are specific to parents and relate to their children | Dressing kid | Behaviors of helping kids get dressed |
Cleaning kid | Behaviors of helping kids keep proper hygiene, such as wiping child’s mouth | |
Feeding kid | Feeding children, such as food and snacks; helping them drink water, take medicine, etc. | |
Holding kid | Act of caring that refers specifically to holding child | |
Playing with kid | Recreational activities with children | |
Self-management (SM) Behaviors of taking care of one’s body and beauty | Exercising | - |
Skin care | - | |
Taking medicine | Act of taking medicine and using health care products | |
Dressing | Behaviors such as putting on clothes and shoes | |
Eating (EA) Behaviors related to eating | Eating meal | Act of eating regular meals such as breakfast, lunch, and dinner |
Eating snack | - | |
Drinking | - | |
Communicating (CM) Communication-related behaviors | Conversation | Communicative act of dialog, specifically verbal communication |
Physical interaction | Physical interaction, specifically act of physical contact | |
Receiving guests | - | |
Education (ED) Child-related educational behaviors | Teaching | Specifically referring to parents teaching children |
Punishing | Chastising child, including verbal punitive behaviors | |
Art activity | Art-related activities (e.g., singing, dancing, painting, playing instruments, etc.) | |
Studying | Here, exclusively refers to children’s learning behaviors, and parents’ learning behaviors are categorized as “working” | |
Resting (RE) Leisure-related behaviors | Taking nap | Naps, brief acts of rest |
Reading book | Recreational reading (does not refer to learning through reading) | |
Taking photo | Take photos and videos and perform other actions | |
Sleeping | Refers specifically to sleeping | |
Watching TV | - | |
Doing hobbies | - | |
Playing games | Recreational playing behavior, game-related behaviors | |
Non-in-person chatting | Talking on phone, chatting online, and other related behaviors | |
Physiological activities (PAs) | Physiological activities | Physiological behaviors, such as urination and defecation |
Using object (UO) | Using object | Refers specifically to use of objects that cannot be recorded at same time as other acts, including appliances and furniture |
Case Code | Time (h.m.s) | Duration (s) | User | Behavior | Object | Space | Start–Stop | Insights |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ab2.01-1018 | 08:10:51 | 196.404 | Mother | Preparing food | Food ingredient | Kitchen | State starts | |
ab2.01-1018 | 08:14:08 | 0 | Mother | Preparing food | Food ingredient | Kitchen | State stops | |
ab2.01-1018 | 08:14:08 | 203.954 | Mother | Cooking food | Cooker | Kitchen | State starts | |
ab2.01-1018 | 08:17:32 | 0 | Mother | Cooking food | Cooker | Kitchen | State stops | |
ab2.01-1018 | 08:22:16 | 53.0112 | Father | Toileting | Bathroom | State starts | ||
ab2.01-1018 | 08:23:09 | 0 | Father | Toileting | Bathroom | State stops | ||
ab2.01-1018 | 08:23:48 | 62.8544 | Kid1 | Toileting | Bathroom | State starts | ||
ab2.01-1018 | 08:24:51 | 0 | Kid1 | Toileting | Bathroom | State stops | m: wear socks |
Workday | Weekend | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Code | User | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | ||||||||
ab2.01 | F | UO | 50.0 | EA | 24.1 | CM | 19.8 | RE | 11.6 | RE | 75.3 | EA | 50.5 | UO | 37.6 | CM | 29.4 |
0.41 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.44 | 0.30 | 0.22 | 0.17 | ||||||||||
M | EA | 25.8 | UO | 22.4 | CM | 21.7 | CK | 11.8 | EA | 67.8 | UO | 55.5 | CM | 49.6 | DH | 27.9 | |
0.26 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.34 | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.14 | ||||||||||
K1 | RE | 146.9 | CM | 21.3 | EA | 19.6 | ED | 9.7 | RE | 51.8 | CM | 15.4 | EA | 11.2 | ED | 9.7 | |
0.74 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.24 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.04 | ||||||||||
K2 | RE | 156.0 | CM | 26.3 | EA | 25.5 | UO | 1.3 | RE | 188.9 | EA | 35.3 | CM | 32.0 | UO | 1.1 | |
0.75 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.73 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.00 | ||||||||||
c3.04 | F | RE | 82.9 | EA | 23.7 | UO | 21.5 | CM | 8.5 | RE | 313.3 | UO | 64.7 | EA | 18.9 | SM | 9.0 |
0.54 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.75 | 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.02 | ||||||||||
M | RE | 30.4 | UO | 22.9 | EA | 17.7 | CM | 11.0 | UO | 24.1 | RE | 21.2 | ED | 15.4 | SM | 12.4 | |
0.30 | 0.23 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.26 | 0.23 | 0.16 | 0.13 | ||||||||||
K | RE | 111.0 | EA | 42.2 | UO | 11.3 | CM | 3.9 | RE | 24.2 | UO | 16.7 | EA | 7.5 | ED | 3.5 | |
0.64 | 0.24 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.02 | ||||||||||
a2.02 | F | RE | 112.2 | CO | 26.9 | EA | 25.7 | WO | 23.0 | RE | 291.3 | EA | 74.7 | WO | 26.2 | CM | 8.1 |
0.55 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.70 | 0.18 | 0.06 | 0.02 | ||||||||||
M | RE | 292.9 | EA | 128.5 | CK | 94.0 | WO | 68.3 | RE | 275.7 | EA | 159.1 | WO | 91.8 | DH | 20.9 | |
0.44 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.42 | 0.24 | 0.14 | 0.03 | ||||||||||
K | RE | 233.4 | EA | 59.6 | UO | 23.8 | CM | 21.3 | RE | 130.3 | EA | 17.3 | UO | 14.6 | CM | 5.8 | |
0.67 | 0.17 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.31 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.01 | ||||||||||
G | CM | 55.7 | RE | 23.4 | CK | 23.2 | DH | 13.6 | CM | 22.4 | RE | 22.3 | CK | 14.8 | CO | 10.7 | |
0.37 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.17 | 0.13 | ||||||||||
c2.02 | F | EA | 24.1 | CM | 23.8 | UO | 6.3 | DH | 2.4 | EA | 14.7 | CM | 12.8 | UO | 7.8 | WO | 7.2 |
0.40 | 0.39 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.30 | 0.26 | 0.16 | 0.15 | ||||||||||
M | DH | 21.4 | CM | 20.9 | WO | 12.2 | ED | 6.2 | WO | 36.9 | DH | 11.1 | CM | 9.8 | EA | 3.6 | |
0.25 | 0.24 | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.56 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.06 | ||||||||||
K | ED | 37.4 | CM | 27.4 | EA | 23.4 | UO | 3.6 | RE | 7.0 | ED | 7.0 | CM | 4.3 | UO | 2.3 | |
0.39 | 0.28 | 0.24 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.04 | ||||||||||
b2.01 | F | UO | 58.7 | RE | 40.7 | EA | 21.4 | CM | 13.5 | RE | 109.6 | UO | 105.5 | CM | 68.3 | WO | 64.1 |
0.39 | 0.27 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.17 | 0.16 | ||||||||||
M | UO | 15.8 | EA | 15.0 | CM | 11.3 | CK | 10.1 | UO | 31.5 | CM | 24.5 | CK | 20.5 | EA | 21.3 | |
0.20 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.28 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.19 | ||||||||||
K | RE | 122.2 | EA | 30.6 | CM | 28.6 | SM | 5.1 | RE | 66.9 | EA | 21.6 | CM | 17.5 | SM | 2.7 | |
0.61 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.23 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.01 | ||||||||||
G | RE | 123.4 | WO | 73.2 | DH | 71.0 | EA | 51.2 | UO | 86.5 | RE | 81.9 | EA | 58.5 | DH | 37.2 | |
0.34 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.14 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.17 | 0.11 | ||||||||||
c3.02 | F | WO | 83.6 | WO | 15.1 | CM | 8.1 | EA | 6.3 | WO | 195.1 | CM | 30.9 | UO | 12.1 | EA | 6.6 |
0.67 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.75 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.03 | ||||||||||
M | UO | 46.0 | WO | 21.5 | EA | 18.5 | CM | 15.0 | UO | 73.0 | CM | 23.7 | EA | 21.8 | SM | 13.4 | |
0.41 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.48 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.09 | ||||||||||
K | RE | 54.5 | ED | 45.8 | UO | 39.1 | EA | 15.3 | ED | 33.0 | RE | 15.3 | CM | 14.8 | EA | 8.6 |
Family Code | Father | Mother | Kid1 | Kid2/Grandmother |
---|---|---|---|---|
ab2.01 | ||||
c3.04 | - | |||
a2.02 | ||||
c2.02 | - | |||
b2.01 | ||||
c3.02 | - |
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Liu, F.; Wang, Y.; An, Q. Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Beijing Residents’ Lifestyles: Data-Driven Insights into Apartment Interior Design. Buildings 2025, 15, 576. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040576
Liu F, Wang Y, An Q. Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Beijing Residents’ Lifestyles: Data-Driven Insights into Apartment Interior Design. Buildings. 2025; 15(4):576. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040576
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Feifei, Yuzhe Wang, and Qi An. 2025. "Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Beijing Residents’ Lifestyles: Data-Driven Insights into Apartment Interior Design" Buildings 15, no. 4: 576. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040576
APA StyleLiu, F., Wang, Y., & An, Q. (2025). Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Beijing Residents’ Lifestyles: Data-Driven Insights into Apartment Interior Design. Buildings, 15(4), 576. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040576