A Visual Analysis and Review of Chinese Qilou Architectural Heritage Based on CiteSpace
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Research Questions
2.2. Selection of Analysis Tool
2.3. Keyword Selection and Data Collection Procedure
2.3.1. Keyword Selection Criteria
2.3.2. Data Collection Procedure
- The keywords include terms similar to “Qilou” or “corridor-style”, yet the research subject and content have no connection to Qilou.
- The title contains words like “Qilou”, but the research subject and content lack a strong correlation with Qilou architecture or Qilou historic districts.
- Both the keywords and the title incorporate Qilou-related terms, but the research content pertains to other disciplines and exhibits minimal overlap with this field.
- Exclude irrelevant articles, such as newspaper reports and books, as these typically do not undergo rigorous peer review and tend to have low academic value and reliability. This step ensures that the literature selected holds reference and analytical value.
3. Results
3.1. The Literature Distribution Characteristics
3.1.1. The Trend of Annual Publications
3.1.2. Source Disciplines of the Literature
3.1.3. Source Publications of the Literature
3.2. Analysis of Collaborative Characteristics
3.2.1. Collaborating Authors
3.2.2. Collaborating Institutions
3.3. Analysis of Keywords and Key Issues
3.3.1. Analysis of Keyword Co-Occurrence
3.3.2. Analysis of Keyword Clusters
3.3.3. Summary of Key Issues
3.3.4. Timeline View of Keywords, Burst Keywords, and Research Trends
4. Discussion
4.1. Correlation Between Southeast Asia and Qilou in Overseas Chinese Hometowns
4.2. Constructing a Spatial Vitality Evaluation System for Qilou Architectural Heritage
4.3. Constructing a Prediction System for Qilou Built Environment and Sustainable Development of Qilou
4.4. Digital Preservation of Qilou Architectural Heritage and Cross-Disciplinary Collaboration
- Architecture and Urban Planning: Focus on spatial form to develop construction strategies for Qilou heritage.
- Geography: Emphasize theoretical analysis and quantitative methods to create dynamic monitoring and evaluation systems for CQAH.
- Sociology and Anthropology: Highlight human-centered approaches, studying residents’ and tourists’ behavior to establish optimization strategies for connecting CQAH with specific groups.
5. Conclusions
- Correlation between Southeast Asia and Qilou in overseas Chinese hometowns. Researchers can explore the interplay between Qilou in Southeast Asia and overseas Chinese hometowns in terms of cultural dissemination, architectural form, and social structure. It is recommended that researchers deepen transnational comparative studies through a multidisciplinary perspective.
- Constructing a spatial vitality evaluation system for Qilou architectural heritage. Researchers can utilize multi-source big data and both quantitative and qualitative methods to establish a scientific evaluation system, which can address the imbalance of spatial vitality in Qilou and guide sustainable revitalization.
- Constructing a spatial vitality evaluation system for Qilou architectural heritage. Researchers can predict the future adaptability of Qilou and optimize its spatial functions and thermal comfort using technologies such as XGBoost, GIS-CA models, and microclimate simulation.
- Digital preservation of Qilou architectural heritage and cross-disciplinary collaboration. Researchers can employ 3D scanning, digital twin technology, and VR/AR techniques to achieve precise conservation. They can also collaborate across multiple disciplines, including architecture, geography, and sociology, to promote innovative research and practice.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CQAH | Chinese Qilou Architectural Heritage |
CQA | Chinese Qilou Architectural |
CNKI | China National Knowledge Infrastructure |
WOS | Web of Science |
LLR | Log-Likelihood Ratio |
LSI | Latent Semantic Indexing |
MI | Mutual Information |
RQ | Research Question |
PSPL | Public Space & Public Life Survey |
XGBoost | eXtreme Gradient Boosting |
GIS-CA | Geographic Information System-Cellular Automata |
PET | Physiological Equivalent Temperature |
VR | Virtual Reality |
AR | Augmented Reality |
MGWR | Multi-scale Geographically Weighted Regression |
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Rank | Author | Frequency * | Year |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Yang Honglie | 10 | 1998 |
1 | Gan Guanlan | 10 | 2012 |
3 | Yu Yang | 7 | 2014 |
3 | Jiang Li | 7 | 2014 |
5 | Wang Shan | 6 | 2003 |
5 | Mo Xianfa | 6 | 2012 |
7 | Zhou Yixin | 5 | 2006 |
7 | Xie Hao | 5 | 2003 |
7 | Liu Xiaofan | 5 | 2003 |
7 | Lin Lin | 5 | 2001 |
11 | Chen Jing | 4 | 2008 |
11 | Yang Sisheng | 4 | 2005 |
11 | Zhu Chaoping | 4 | 2012 |
23 | Jie Zhang | 3 | 2022 |
23 | Wang Fang | 3 | 2011 |
23 | Chen Zhihong | 3 | 2006 |
23 | Lin Chong | 3 | 2001 |
23 | Wang Mo | 3 | 2015 |
23 | Liu Jiaping | 3 | 2011 |
23 | Duan Xianggui | 3 | 2013 |
23 | Zhang Ying | 3 | 2015 |
23 | Guan Ruiming | 3 | 2002 |
23 | Li Jinlin | 3 | 2016 |
No. | Count | Year | Institutions |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 31 | 1996 | Guangzhou University |
2 | 29 | 1997 | Huaqiao University |
3 | 29 | 2010 | Hainan University |
4 | 27 | 2001 | South China University of Technology |
5 | 22 | 2013 | Hainan Normal University |
6 | 18 | 2007 | Wuzhou College |
7 | 13 | 2008 | Tongji University |
8 | 12 | 2012 | Qinzhou College |
9 | 11 | 2008 | Guangxi Normal University |
10 | 9 | 1999 | Sun Yat-sen University |
11 | 8 | 2006 | Guangxi University |
12 | 8 | 2003 | Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology |
13 | 8 | 2020 | Xiamen University |
14 | 7 | 2003 | Guangdong University of Technology |
15 | 7 | 2010 | Huazhong University of Science and Technology |
16 | 6 | 2016 | Jiangxi University of Technology |
17 | 5 | 2015 | Haikou University of Economics |
18 | 5 | 2010 | Fuzhou University |
19 | 5 | 2023 | Hainan University of Science and Technology |
20 | 5 | 2012 | Shenzhen University |
21 | 5 | 2016 | Guangxi Arts Institute |
Count | Centrality | Year | Keywords |
---|---|---|---|
138 | 0.94 | 1996 | Qilou |
34 | 0.19 | 1999 | Qilou Architecture |
31 | 0.12 | 2000 | Conservation |
17 | 0.13 | 2003 | Historic District |
15 | 0.09 | 1999 | Guangzhou |
10 | 0.03 | 2002 | Development |
9 | 0.03 | 2015 | Haikou Qilou |
8 | 0.01 | 2007 | Lingnan Qilou |
8 | 0.03 | 2008 | Haikou |
7 | 0.03 | 2008 | Urban Renewal |
7 | 0.01 | 2001 | Renovation |
7 | 0.04 | 2008 | Culture of Qilou |
7 | 0.01 | 2012 | Guangzhou Qilou |
6 | 0.02 | 2012 | Historic District of Qilou |
6 | 0.02 | 1999 | Culture |
5 | 0.04 | 2005 | Quanzhou |
5 | 0.01 | 2004 | Zhongshan Road |
5 | 0.02 | 1996 | Lingnan |
5 | 0.02 | 2006 | Architecture |
5 | 0.05 | 2011 | Heritage |
Cluster-ID | Size | Silhouette * | Year | Label (LLR) | Label (LSI) | Label (MI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 82 | 0.939 | 2014 | Qilou (16.73, 1 × 10−4); Zhongshan Road (9.32, 0.005); Qilou Architecture (7.62, 0.01); Overseas Chinese (6.98, 0.01); Renewal (6.98, 0.01) | (14.5) Facade; (14.42) Zhongshan Road; (13.65) Form; (12.43) Renovation and Upgrading; (11.55) Commercial | Sanbu town (1.33); Eave Wall (1.33); Qinzhou Qilou (1.33); Qilou Legislation (1.33) |
1 | 41 | 0.68 | 2014 | Qilou Architecture (47.39, 1 × 10−4); Qilou (14.42, 0.001); Exploit (9.17, 0.005); Development Motivation (9.17, 0.005); Morphological Typology (4.57, 0.05) | (20.78) Qilou Architecture; (9.84) Form; (9.61) Development Motivation; (8.69) Architecture; (6.44) Exploit | Morphological Typology (0.31); Integral (0.31); Reinforce (0.31); Architectural Character (0.31) |
2 | 34 | 0.868 | 2013 | Guangzhou Qilou (24.76, 1 × 10−4); Haikou Qilou (14.72, 0.001); Qilou (12.34, 0.001); Spirit of Place (9.77, 0.005); Architectural Form (9.77, 0.005) | (15.97) Guangzhou Qilou; (9.84) Haikou Qilou; (9.61) Spirit of place; (9.61) Architectural Form; (8.26) Guangzhou | Commercial district (0.26); Rurality (0.26); Symbolic Characteristics (0.26); Shuidong Street Qilou (0.26) |
3 | 34 | 0.92 | 2009 | Development (19.59, 1 × 10−4); Rehabilitation (16.6, 1 × 10−4); Conservation (14.31, 0.001); Lingnan Architecture (12.41, 0.001); Subtropical (12.41, 0.001) | (12.43) Lingnan Architecture; (12.43) Subtropical; (10.06) District; (9.61) Public Space; (9.61) District Characteristics | Utilization (0.42); Leisure Space (0.42); Landscape Analysis (0.42); Traditional District (0.42) |
4 | 32 | 0.913 | 2011 | Historic District (16.49, 1 × 10−4); Conservation Update (9.68, 0.005); Regional Character (9.68, 0.005); Wuzhou Qilou District (9.68, 0.005); Cultural Symbols (9.68, 0.005) | (10.7) Historic District; (10.06) District; (9.61) Conservation Update; (9.61) Regional Character; (9.61) Wuzhou Qilou District | Nanyang Overseas Chinese (0.27); Organic Renewal (0.27); Experience Preferences (0.27); Tourist (0.27) |
5 | 27 | 0.932 | 2008 | Guangzhou (15.15, 1 × 10−4); Historic Environment (9.96, 0.005); Architectural Form (9.96, 0.005); Qilou District (6.31, 0.05); Urban Context (4.96, 0.05) | (9.61) Historic Environment; (9.61) Architectural Form; (8.26) Guangzhou; (5.61) Revival; (5.61) Qilou District | Urban Context (0.24); Revival (0.24); Urban Culture (0.24); Veranda Style (0.24) |
6 | 27 | 0.871 | 2009 | Qilou Culture (16.33, 1 × 10−4); Urban Planning (10.83, 0.001); Guangxi (10.83, 0.001); Current Situation (10.83, 0.001); History (10.83, 0.001) | (12.43) Qilou Culture; (9.61) Urban Planning; (7.61) Wuzhou; (7.61) Guangxi; (7.61) Current Situation | Municipal construction (0.18); Wuzhou (0.18); Fire Safety (0.18); Geographical Imagery (0.18) |
7 | 21 | 0.954 | 2007 | Lingnan (13.99, 0.001); Architectural styles (6.93, 0.01); Function (6.93, 0.01); Modern City (6.93, 0.01); Garden (6.93, 0.01) | (4.97) Lingnan; (4.81) Architectural styles; (4.81) Modern City; (4.81) Garden; (4.81) Qilou system | Architectural styles (0.07); Function (0.07); Modern City (0.07); Garden (0.07) |
8 | 19 | 0.968 | 2008 | (12.43) Quanzhou; (9.61) Spatial Composition; (9.61) Stylistic Features; (5.61) Characteristics; (4.81) Comparison | Quanzhou (13.99, 0.001); Spatial Composition (13.99, 0.001); Stylistic Features (13.99, 0.001); Comparison (6.93, 0.01); Background (6.93, 0.01) | Comparison (0.07); Background (0.07); Orientation (0.07); Quanzhou Qilou (0.07) |
9 | 8 | 0.983 | 2015 | (9.61) Beihai; (4.81) Regional Economy; (4.81) Historical District; (4.81) Economic Interaction; (4.81) Planar Organization | Beihai (16.51, 1 × 10−4); Regional Economy (8.13, 0.005); Historical District (8.13, 0.005); Economic Interaction (8.13, 0.005); Planar Organization (8.13, 0.005) | Qilou (0.08); Regional Economy (0.03); Historical District (0.03); Economic Interaction (0.03); |
10 | 7 | 0.971 | 2018 | (9.61) Gray Space; (5.74) Space; (4.81) Cultural Connotation; (4.81) Citizen Life; (4.81) Pan-Space | Gray Space (16.51, 1 × 10−4); Cultural Connotation (8.13, 0.005); Citizen Life (8.13, 0.005); Pan-Space (8.13, 0.005); Form (8.13, 0.005) | Qilou (0.08); Cultural Connotation (0.03); Citizen Life (0.03); Pan-Space (0.03) |
11 | 6 | 0.991 | 2007 | (4.81) Urban Renewal; (4.81) Eaves; (4.81) Architectural Culture; (1.81) Architectural; (1.64) Culture | Urban Renewal (9.91, 0.005); Eaves (9.91, 0.005); Architectural Culture (9.91, 0.005); Qilou (0.47, 0.5); Protection (0.2, 1.0) | Qilou (0.1); Urban Renewal (0.02); Eaves (0.02); Architectural Culture (0.02); Protection |
14 | 5 | 0.994 | 2011 | (1) Regionality; (1) Guangdong; (1) Architectural Symbol; (1) Spatial Form; (1) Green; (1) Qilou | Regionality (9, 0.005); Architectural Symbol (9, 0.005); Spatial Form (9, 0.005); Green (9, 0.005); Guangdong (9, 0.005) | Qilou (0.09); Regionality (0.02); Architectural Symbol (0.02); Spatial Form (0.02) |
Concept | Concept Explanation | Inference | Evidence | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Research subject | Qilou (Theme = “Qilou architecture” Or “Qilou Street”, and the Title = “Qilou”) | Qilou is divided into arcade units with columns as the facade. The continuous space formed by the arcade is presented in the form of streets, and the streets form blocks. | The study conducted a search and screening on the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) platform. Initially, a total of 616 documents were obtained, including 404 journal articles and 88 theses. During the research process, the data was screened again to ensure that each document contained information such as the author, institution, keywords, abstract, and publication date. This resulted in a final sample of 491 valid documents. | |
CiteSpace Parameter Settings * | The year per slice was set as 1 | Slice Overlap = 0, which means that the time slices do not overlap. This ensures the independence of the time slices and makes the analysis results clearer. | The node type was set as author/institution/keyword, and collaborative characteristics is a term used to describe the key attributes or behavioral patterns manifested during the collaborative process. | CiteSpace 6.4.R1 analyzes literature by keywords, authors, etc. During analysis, select the node type (e.g., author, keyword) accordingly. |
The Literature Distribution Characteristics | The Trend of Annual Publications | The number of papers issued can be indicative of the accumulation of knowledge and depth of research in research field of Qilou. | CQAH research spans four stages: from rising to stability; The number of publications has stabilized since 2008, and the majority of papers were published after 2008. | Stage one (1994–2000) featured a stable, low publication rate of 1–6 articles annually, with a minor peak in 1996. Stage two (2001–2007) saw a steady rise in publications and growing interest. Stage three (2008–2017) had the most significant growth, with articles increasing from 16 in 2008 to 41 in 2017. The final stage (2018–2024) maintains consistent activity, showing sustained interest [1,12,15,20,29,53,56,69,70,76,90,104]. |
Source Disciplines of the Literature | Discipline distribution analysis can help researchers understand the main subject areas of Qilou research, thereby determining the direction and focus of future research. | The research on Qilou covers 20 disciplines. Most of them are majoring in Architecture Science and Engineering (46%) | The literature that has a considerable impact includes Xie, Yang, Fang among others [2,13,15,17,20,62]. | |
Source Publications of the Literature | Analyzing the publications of Qilou literature can help us understand research hotspots and trends, provide directions for future research, and promote academic development and cultural heritage protection. | Huazhong Architecture (16), Urbanism and Architecture (15), Chinese and Overseas Architecture, South Architecture, and Huaqiao University publications (12). Covering multiple dimensions such as history, culture, and technology. | [2,55,74,76,77,85]. | |
Analysis of Collaborative Characteristics | Collaborating Authors (Frquency; Year) | Analyzing the collaborative features of Qilou’s literature can help reveal the cooperation model and academic influence in the research field and promote interdisciplinary cooperation. | Academic research: the studies of academicians Chen Zhihong, Lin Chong, and Lin Lin, etc. Practical research: the contributions of academician Chang Qing, Fang Yong, and Zhang Jie, etc. | Chang Qing, Liu Tao, Song Yang, Wang Hongjun, Zhao Aihua, Dai Shibing; Lin Lin, Ma Yutian, Gan Jing, Zhang Qingxi, Zhong Zhiping et al.; Yang Honglie, Chen Lixin, Cai Shiqian et al.; Yu Haomiao, Yang Sisheng, Wang Shan et al. |
Collaborating Institutions | Centered around Guangzhou University, Huaqiao University, and Hainan University. The research samples were selected from nearby locations. | Some universities have a deep accumulation of research in this field: Guangzhou University (1996, 31), Huaqiao University (1997, 29), Hainan University (2010, 29), South China University of Technology (2001, 27), Hainan Normal University (2013, 22). | ||
Analysis of Key Word | Centrality (Top 5) (Time, Centrality, Count) | Keywords are a high-level summary of the core content of the literature, which can reflect the main direction and hot spots of the research. Through keyword analysis, we can quickly grasp the current status and development trend of Qilou research and reveal the internal connection between different research topics. Further clustering of keywords can classify keywords, thereby identifying the main research directions and hot areas in Qilou research. | Qilou (1996, 0.94, 138); Qilou Architecture (1999, 0.19, 34); Conservation (2000, 0.12, 31); Historic District (2003, 0.13, 17); Historic District (1999, 0.09, 15). | [12,13,21,23] |
Hotspot topics in research | Multifunctionality and Value for Multiple Parties; Challenges and Strategies for Conservation and Activation; Arcades and Urban Relationships; Community Development and Cultural Heritage. | |||
Clustering Analysis (LLR *) | “0. Qilou”, ”1. Qilou Architecture”, ”2. Guangzhou Qilou”, ”3. Development”, ”4. Historical District”, ”5. Guangzhou”, “6. Qilou Culture”, ”7. Lingnan”, ”8. Quanzhou”, ”9. Bei-hai”, ”10. Gray Space”, ”11. Urban Renewal”, ”12. Chuanjiao Xu”, ”13. Landscape Architecture”, and “14. Regionalism”. | |||
Analysis of Key Issues | The distribution area and historical origin of Qilou | Qilou architecture is widespread in China. Its spatial distribution characteristics have been a research focus. Scholars have studied its density and scale and analyzed regional differentiation using human geography methods. | Distribution Area: In the South China region, encompassing the coastal areas of Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan Island. Historical Origin: A hybrid product of Chinese and Western cultures, formed by the collision of local and foreign cultures. Scholars have different understandings of the main body of the Qilou (time of origin, and place of origin). | This topic is reflected in clusters 5, 8, and 9 [10,15,20,24,26,39,42,48,59,68,70,71,72]. |
Regional variations in the architectural characteristics of Qilou. | Due to differences in geographical location, economic development level, cultural characteristics, and building functions (spatial form and facade characteristics) | Modern local Qilou shows regionalism via spatial construction techniques. It retains traditional spatial elements, guides user behavior, and adapts to new environments. Local materials and techniques are used in regional Qilou. Research on Qilou’s regional characteristics shows the local environment and cultural influence, a dynamic interaction mechanism, and the adaptation and integration of foreign cultures with local elements. | This theme is reflected in clusters 0, 1, and 14 [13,17,73,74,76]. | |
Conservation and renewal of the Qilou historic district in urban development | Qilou conservation focuses on repair, functional adaptation, and infrastructure upgrades to preserve historical character and enhance usability. These buildings, rich in history and cultural memory, are mainly in historic districts. | Recent studies focus on community memory, resident identity, and the significance of Qilou districts. Conservation efforts emphasize material restoration, functional adaptation, and infrastructure optimization to balance historic preservation with modern usability. Avoiding simple functional replacement and excessive economic pursuit is key to maintaining traditional business models and cultural uniqueness. | As illustrated in clusters 2, 3, 4, and 7, this theme is reflected in the distribution of Qilou buildings. This theme reflects the need to balance the preservation of historical Qilou architecture with modern urban development [3,68,77,78,82,83]. | |
Cultural Inheritance and Spatial Activation | Cultural inheritance and spatial activation aim to uncover intangible heritage and reuse spaces, ensuring historical continuity and contemporary functional rebirth. | The attention to the cultural heritage and architectural revitalization of Chinese Qilou architecture has gradually increased. Proposed models for the cultural heritage and protection of Qilou architecture, and explored the direction of Qilou architectural revitalization based on practical project experience. | This theme is reflected in clusters 6, 7, 10, and 11. Cultural inheritance and spatial activation focus on uncovering intangible cultural heritage and reusing architectural spaces [88,89]. | |
Research Phase Division | Timeline view of keywords (Four Stages) | Timeline analysis can intuitively display the evolution of research topics over time, helping researchers track the dynamic changes in research hotspots and also identify the cutting-edge directions in research fields. | Stage 1 1994–2000: Study of basic characteristics and historical background. | The formula for burst term detection is based on Kleinberg’s algorithm, which identifies research frontiers by calculating the growth rate of word frequency * and statistical significance (p < 0.05). |
Stage 2 2001–2007: Study of architectural origins and development motivation. | ||||
Burst Keywords (γ * = 0.2 with a minimum duration of 2) | Burst keyword analysis can identify research hotspots that have received high attention during specific time periods. The higher the burst strength, the higher the attention the keyword has received during the corresponding period. | Stage 3 2008–2017: Protection and revitalization of cultural heritage. | ||
Stage 4 2018–Present: Diverse perspectives and multidisciplinary cooperation. | ||||
Notes | * CiteSpace Parameter Settings: CiteSpace performs bibliometric analysis and knowledge graph visualization of literature by adjusting a series of parameters, including time slicing, node types, thresholds, and pruning, among others. * The likelihood ratio (LLR) algorithm is one of the core algorithms of CiteSpace. This algorithm evaluates the significance and relevance of keywords in a specific research field by calculating their frequency of occurrence in different documents. This means that the LLR algorithm can be used to measure the association between keywords. * Burstiness indicates the intensity of a keyword’s emergence during a certain period. * Frequency refers to the occurrence rate of a keyword at a specific point in time. * γ is a tuning parameter with a value range of [0, 1], which controls the cost of state transitions. (The choice of γ value needs to be adjusted according to specific research needs and data characteristics, and it is inversely proportional to the number of burst terms.) |
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Wu, Y.; Chen, Z.; Lin, X.; Tu, X. A Visual Analysis and Review of Chinese Qilou Architectural Heritage Based on CiteSpace. Buildings 2025, 15, 1638. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101638
Wu Y, Chen Z, Lin X, Tu X. A Visual Analysis and Review of Chinese Qilou Architectural Heritage Based on CiteSpace. Buildings. 2025; 15(10):1638. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101638
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Yilin, Zhihong Chen, Xiuhong Lin, and Xiaoqiang Tu. 2025. "A Visual Analysis and Review of Chinese Qilou Architectural Heritage Based on CiteSpace" Buildings 15, no. 10: 1638. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101638
APA StyleWu, Y., Chen, Z., Lin, X., & Tu, X. (2025). A Visual Analysis and Review of Chinese Qilou Architectural Heritage Based on CiteSpace. Buildings, 15(10), 1638. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101638