Study on New Natural Ventilation Performance Based on Seat Air Supply in Gymnasiums
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Study Site and Measurements
2.1. Research Area
2.1.1. Location
2.1.2. Climate Information
2.2. Field Measurement
2.2.1. Measurement Object
2.2.2. Measurement Schedule and Instruments
2.2.3. Measurement Results
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Comparison of Simulation and Experimental Results
3.1.1. Simulation Model
3.1.2. Consistency Verification Between Simulation Results and Experimental Results
3.2. The Influence of the Opening Rate on the Indoor Wind Environment
3.2.1. Case Model
3.2.2. The Impact of the Equipment Activation Rate on Indoor Grandstand Areas
3.2.3. The Impact of Device Activation Rate on Indoor Sports Areas
3.3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
- During the period when the seat air supply system is turned off, the maximum indoor–outdoor temperature difference is 1.7 °C, which proves that the sports venues’ exterior walls have good thermal insulation properties, helping to maintain a comfortable indoor temperature. After the seat air supply system is turned on, the maximum indoor–outdoor temperature difference increases to 3.4 °C, indicating that the activation of the seat air supply system further reduces the indoor temperature.
- When the seat air supply is turned off, the wind speed in the seat area is almost zero. The opening of the seat air supply significantly increases the wind speed in the seat area, improving the natural ventilation effect. Meanwhile, the uniformity of the wind speed field in the sports areas also increases significantly with the opening of the seat air supply device, which is conducive to the creation of a good indoor environment.
- When the temperature of the indoor stand is low (10:00 am), the opening of the seat ventilation device causes a significant change in the PMV index of the front seat area, and the average reduction in the four directions is 0.39. The seating area on the south side changed the most, from 1.15 before the device was turned off to 0.56. The seating area on the north side changed the least, from 1.16 before the device was turned off to 0.92. When the temperature of the indoor stand reaches the maximum, the influence of the device opening on the PMV index of the seat area is small, and the average reduction is only 0.19.
- This study only investigates the application effect of a natural wind-driven seat air supply in gymnasiums. Its application in more types of buildings remains to be studied. The application of nature-driven seat air supply in stadiums is very promising and can effectively promote the development of low-carbon undertakings.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ACH | Air-change rate |
CFD | Computational fluid dynamics |
TVOC | Total Volatile Organic Compounds |
PM | Particulate matter |
ME | Mean Error |
RMSE | Root Mean Square Error |
PMV | Predicted Mean Vote |
ST | Temperature of the indoor stand |
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Scholar | Advantage | Disadvantage | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Natural ventilation | Wind-induced ventilation tower | Haw et al. [16] | Ventilation performance can be maintained when the temperature difference between the indoors and outdoors is not large. | Depending on wind and direction, there is a risk of rainwater flooding. |
Opening at the top | Qian et al. [17] Lin et al. [20] Chen et al. [21] Cheng et al. [23] | Flexible and controllable ventilation adjustment, making full use of thermal pressure ventilation. | The structure is relatively complex, and the construction and maintenance costs are high. | |
External deflector louver | Kang et al. [18] | Suitable for places where the wind is stable; the guidance of the blade increases the flow of the sucked air and takes into account the protection of the place. | The design optimization is rather complex. | |
The window opening corresponding to the prevailing wind direction | Cui et al. [19] | The wind pressure utilization is maximized, and the structure is simple. | The heat preservation performance is affected. It increases the incoming solar radiation. | |
Seat air supply driven by natural wind | This manuscript | The airflow is guided to blow directly onto the user, enhancing local comfort. The structure is simple, and the maintenance cost is low. | High environmental dependence. | |
Mechanical ventilation | Ventilator | Sekhar et al. [25] | High controllability and stability; flexible adaptation to complex scenarios. | High energy consumption, and operating cost; noise. |
Seat air supply | Cheng et al. [26] Zítek et al. [27] Zhang et al. [38] Nishioka et al. [39] | With the air conditioning system, it can effectively reduce or increase the local temperature and save energy. | The energy consumption is still higher than that of natural ventilation, and the maintenance complexity is relatively high. |
Parameter | Measurement Instrument | Precision Accuracy | Sampling Frequency |
---|---|---|---|
Temperature | HOBO Pro Temperature Recorder | ±0.1 °C | 15-min interval |
Relative humidity | ±2% | ||
Wind speed | TSI-AP500 wireless anemometer | ±2% |
Condition 1 | Condition 2 | Condition 3 | Condition 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Date | 22 April | 23 April | 24 April | 25 April |
Power sunroof | ON | ON | ON | ON |
Seat air supply device | OFF | OFF | ON | ON |
First floor entrance | OFF | OFF | OFF | OFF |
Second floor entrance | ON | ON | ON | ON |
East Outdoor/ Indoor (m/s) | South Outdoor/ Indoor (m/s) | West Outdoor/ Indoor (m/s) | North Outdoor/ Indoor (m/s) | Air intake Rate | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
22 April | 1.2/0.6 | 1.1/0.4 | 0.5/0.3 | 0.6/0.3 | 47% |
23 April | 0.7/0.3 | 1.5/0.8 | 0.5/0.2 | 0.6/0.3 | 48% |
24 April | 0.8/0.6 | 1.4/1.1 | 0.6/0.5 | 0.5/0.3 | 75% |
25 April | 1.1/0.8 | 0.4/0.2 | 0.5/0.3 | 1.2/0.9 | 69% |
East Outdoor/ Indoor | South Outdoor/ Indoor | West Outdoor/ Indoor | North Outdoor/ Indoor | Change in Relative Humidity | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
22 April | 71%/63% | 72%/64% | 73%/62% | 71%/62% | 9.25% |
23 April | 71%/65% | 71%/66% | 71%/64% | 71%/62% | 6.75% |
24 April | 72%/71% | 71%/70% | 72%/71% | 73%/72% | 1% |
25 April | 56%/56% | 59%/58% | 56%/55% | 57%/56% | 0.75% |
— | East (m/s) | South (m/s) | West (m/s) | North (m/s) | Air Intake Rate | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OFF | simulated value | 0.56 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.24 | 42.59% |
measured value | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 47.00% | |
ON | simulated value | 0.66 | 0.99 | 0.45 | 0.36 | 74.34% |
measured value | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 75.00% |
Seat Air Supply | — | Value |
---|---|---|
OFF | ME | 0.04 |
d | 0.89 | |
RMSE | 0.05 | |
ON | ME | 0.09 |
d | 0.90 | |
RMSE | 0.11 |
Title 1 | Title 2 | Natural Ventilation Opening Rate | Outdoor Wind Speed (m/s) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case | Model | Seat air supply | Second floor entrance | Skylight window | East | South | West | North |
1 | Standard k-e | 0% | 100% | 100% | 0.8 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
2 | 25% | 100% | 100% | 0.8 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 0.5 | |
3 | 50% | 100% | 100% | 0.8 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 0.5 | |
4 | 75% | 100% | 100% | 0.8 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 0.5 | |
5 | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0.8 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 0.5 | |
6 | 0% | 100% | 100% | 1.2 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 0.6 |
Thermal Sensation | Hot | Warm | Slightly Warm | Neutral | Slightly Cool | Cool | Cold |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PMV | +3 | +2 | +1 | 0 | −1 | −2 | −3 |
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Wu, Y.; Tang, W.; Wang, M.; Wang, Y.; Deng, Q. Study on New Natural Ventilation Performance Based on Seat Air Supply in Gymnasiums. Buildings 2025, 15, 1600. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101600
Wu Y, Tang W, Wang M, Wang Y, Deng Q. Study on New Natural Ventilation Performance Based on Seat Air Supply in Gymnasiums. Buildings. 2025; 15(10):1600. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101600
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Yinguang, Wensheng Tang, Meng Wang, Yimin Wang, and Qinli Deng. 2025. "Study on New Natural Ventilation Performance Based on Seat Air Supply in Gymnasiums" Buildings 15, no. 10: 1600. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101600
APA StyleWu, Y., Tang, W., Wang, M., Wang, Y., & Deng, Q. (2025). Study on New Natural Ventilation Performance Based on Seat Air Supply in Gymnasiums. Buildings, 15(10), 1600. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101600