Post-Fire Mechanical Properties of Half-Grouted Sleeve Connectors with Grouting Defects
Abstract
1. Introduction
- (1)
- Sleeve factors: the material from which the sleeve is made can significantly impact its properties. Different materials have varying strength, durability, and resistance to corrosion, which can affect the overall structural integrity of the sleeve. The structural design of the sleeve, including its shape and configuration, can affect its load-bearing capacity and resistance to deformation. The reduction of inner rib spacing can improve the bearing capacity of the sleeve up to a certain extent. However, there is a limit beyond which further reduction in spacing may not provide significant benefits. The thickness of the sleeve walls can influence its strength and stiffness. Thicker sleeves generally have higher load-bearing capacity. The sleeve inner diameter of the sleeve determines the size and type of rebars that can be accommodated. It can also affect the flow and compaction of grout within the sleeve [9].
- (2)
- Rebar factors: the diameter of the rebars used in the half-grouted sleeve can impact its dynamic loading performance and ductility. Larger diameter bars generally enhance the ductility of the grouted sleeve [10,11]. The anchorage length of rebar embedded within the sleeve affects its bonding strength with the grout. Longer anchorage lengths generally contribute to higher ultimate bearing capacity. The displacement or offset of rebar within the sleeve can influence the properties of the half-grouted sleeve [12]. Huang et al. [10] investigated that rebar offsets up to 6 mm may have negligible effects on the sleeve’s properties.
- (3)
- Grout factors: the strength of the grout used to fill the half-grouted sleeve is an important factor for optimizing its properties. Higher grout strength contributes to increased load-bearing capacity and overall performance. The level of compaction achieved during the grouting process affects the failure mode of the grouted sleeve under loading [13]. Proper compaction helps ensure better load transfer and overall stability. The water-binder ratio in the grout is crucial, especially for large-diameter sleeve connections. Strict control of the water-binder ratio is necessary to maintain the desired strength and performance of the half-grouted sleeve [14]. These factors demonstrate the complexity of designing and optimizing the properties of half-grouted sleeves in prefabricated buildings. Studying and understanding these factors can help ensure the safe and efficient use of such construction methods.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Specimens Design
2.2. Materials
2.3. Fabrication Procedure
2.4. Test Setup and Loading Pattern
2.4.1. Heating Scheme
2.4.2. Loading Scheme
3. Results Analysis and Discussion
3.1. Failure Modes
3.2. Bearing Capacity Analysis
3.2.1. Analysis at 25 °C~200 °C
3.2.2. Analysis at 300 °C~400 °C
3.2.3. Analysis at 500 °C~600 °C
3.3. Grey Correlation Analysis of Ultimate Strength
3.4. Bond Stress-Slip Constitutive Model
3.5. Real Situation Fitting and Performance Improvement
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The primary failure modes observed in the half-grouted sleeve specimens are rebar fracture failure and rebar pull-out failure. Upon reaching temperatures of 500 °C for non-defective specimens or exceeding 400 °C for defective specimens, a significant deterioration in the tensile properties of the half-grouted sleeve is evident, leading to a universal occurrence of rebar pull-out failure across all specimens.
- (2)
- When the temperature reaches 400 °C, all the defect groups with reduced anchorage length fail. Different types of defects have different effects on mechanical properties of half-grouted sleeve specimens. The 3d defect at the end has the greatest influence on the tensile properties of the half-grouted sleeve connection. When the end defect length reaches 35 mm, because the defect length is too large, the anchorage length decreases, and the cementation force between the reinforcement and the grouting material is far less than the ultimate tensile strength of the reinforcement, the specimen is not reliable at normal temperature. The influence degree of different defects is greater than that of temperature.
- (3)
- The ultimate tensile force, yield tensile force, safety factor and ductility factor of half-grouted sleeves with or without grouting defects decrease with increases in temperature. The rate of increase or decrease of these parameters varies depending on the type of defect. High temperatures and construction defect have important influence on the reliability of half-grouted sleeve connections. The defects have greater influence on it through the grey correlation analysis. The practical engineering significance provided in this experiment is as follows: considering that defects cannot be avoided during the production and construction process, it is necessary to increase the thickness of the protective layer of the wall while reducing defects to improve fire-resistance performance, so as to control the indoor temperature within 400 degrees Celsius as much as possible after a fire occurs.
- (4)
- The use of advanced grouting materials or concrete can effectively improve the anti-cracking performance of time. When the conclusion is extended to full-size specimens, considering the size effect, the bearing capacity of specimens can be improved by increasing the section size of columns or using cement-based grouting materials instead of concrete.
- (5)
- For half-grouted sleeve connectors with the same total defect lengths, discrete defects result in lower bearing capacity compared to concentrate defects, and when defects are farther away from the sleeve end, the bearing capacity is lower. GT14-DB-2d has the best performance, followed by GT14-ZB-2d, and GT14-ZD-2d has the worst properties.
- (6)
- Taking 400 °C as the critical point, high temperature has a significant impact on the stress of the half-grouted sleeve component after fire, so it is necessary to strengthen and improve the high temperature damage resistance of the half-grouted sleeve. By comparing the ultimate strength of the half-grouted sleeve with different thicknesses of the protective layer at different temperatures, it can be found that the ultimate strength and displacement of the specimen with the protective layer increase significantly, indicating that the appropriate increase in the thickness of the protective layer can effectively improve the ultimate strength of the half-grouted sleeve. In addition, the increase in anchorage length can also effectively improve the fire resistance of the connecting part.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Types | Temperature/°C | Construction Defect | Defect Length | Number | Schematic Diagram |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GT14-BM | 25/200/300/400/500/600 | Control group | / | 18 | |
GT14-DB-1d | 25/200/300/400/500/600 | End defect | 1d (14 mm) | 18 | |
GT14-DB-2d | 25/200/300/400/500/600 | End defect | 2d (28 mm) | 18 | |
GT14-DB-2.5d | 25/200/300/400/500/600 | End defect | 2.5d (35 mm) | 18 | |
GT14-DB-3d | 25/200/300/400/500/600 | End defect | 3d (42 mm) | 18 | |
GT14-ZB-2d | 25/200/300/400/500/600 | Middle defect | 2d (28 mm) | 18 | |
GT14-ZD-2d | 25/200/300/400/500/600 | Middle and end defect | 2d (28 mm) | 18 | |
GT14-PX | 25/200/300/400/500/600 | Deviated from the center 5 mm | / | 18 |
Serial Number | L/mm | L1/mm | L2/mm | D1/mm | D2/mm | d1/mm | d2/mm | d3/mm | t/mm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GT JB414/14 | 160 | 23 | 137 | 29 | 35 | 11 | 15 | 14 | 3 |
Temperature/°C | Average Flexural Tensile Strength/MPa | Average Compressive Strength/MPa | Reduction Factor |
---|---|---|---|
25 | 11.75 | 87.3 | 100% |
200 | 10.35 | 77.9 | 89.2% |
300 | 7.34 | 74.4 | 85.8% |
400 | 5.60 | 66.8 | 76.6% |
500 | 4.11 | 63.3 | 72.5% |
600 | 3.73 | 46.7 | 53.5% |
Temperature/°C | Yield Strength/MPa | Tensile Strength/MPa |
---|---|---|
25 | 445 | 610 |
200 | 455 | 613 |
300 | 435 | 610 |
400 | 450 | 600 |
500 | 435 | 610 |
600 | 435 | 580 |
Number | Fy/kN | Fu/kN | σ/MPa | ∆y/mm | ∆u/mm | Failure Mode |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GT14-BM-25 | 68.47 | 93.87 | 610 | 2.91 | 84.53 | Rebar fracture |
GT14-BM-200 | 67.6 | 93.7 | 609 | 3.12 | 75.85 | Rebar fracture |
GT14-BM-300 | 68.4 | 93.67 | 608 | 3.17 | 82.14 | Rebar fracture |
GT14-BM-400 | 67.9 | 92.5 | 601 | 3.09 | 76.37 | Rebar fracture |
GT14-BM-500 | 67.2 | 92.02 | 598 | 2.56 | 69.27 | Rebar fracture |
GT14-BM-600 | 63.48 | 81.9 | 532 | 3.25 | 35.83 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-DB-1d-25 | 67.5 | 93.3 | 605 | 3.19 | 73.09 | Rebar fracture |
GT14-DB-1d-200 | 68.8 | 92.75 | 601 | 3.52 | 71.42 | Rebar fracture |
GT14-DB-1d-300 | 67.07 | 92.37 | 600 | 2.54 | 60.55 | Rebar fracture |
GT14-DB-1d-400 | 67.5 | 88.26 | 573 | 3.21 | 61.5 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-DB-1d-500 | 67.64 | 88.45 | 575 | 2.24 | 42.62 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-DB-1d-600 | 65.23 | 81.34 | 528 | 2.53 | 30.74 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-DB-2d-25 | 67.89 | 92.3 | 600 | 3.09 | 61.78 | Rebar fracture |
GT14-DB-2d-200 | 67.75 | 92.07 | 598 | 2.67 | 55.43 | Rebar fracture |
GT14-DB-2d-300 | 67.2 | 89.21 | 580 | 3.38 | 53.67 | Rebar fracture |
GT14-DB-2d-400 | 66.69 | 87.86 | 571 | 3.09 | 54.2 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-DB-2d-500 | 66.7 | 86.3 | 561 | 2.72 | 40.43 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-DB-2d-600 | 65.6 | 79.08 | 514 | 3.38 | 27.64 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-DB-2.5d-25 | 66.84 | 92.4 | 600 | 2.54 | 60.8 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-DB-2.5d-200 | 67.2 | 90.33 | 587 | 3.21 | 49.45 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-DB-2.5d-300 | 66.9 | 90.2 | 586 | 2.92 | 50.34 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-DB-2.5d-400 | 66.5 | 85.46 | 555 | 2.97 | 43.6 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-DB-2.5d-500 | 66.6 | 79.08 | 514 | 3.38 | 27.64 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-DB-2.5d-600 | 66.2 | 75.77 | 492 | 2.54 | 19.71 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-DB-3d-25 | 66.5 | 82.86 | 538 | 2.87 | 26.44 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-DB-3d-200 | 64.53 | 80.56 | 523 | 3.29 | 23.13 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-DB-3d-300 | 64 | 79.3 | 515 | 3.21 | 22.8 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-DB-3d-400 | 67.34 | 74.1 | 481 | 3.62 | 17.84 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-DB-3d-500 | 66.3 | 70.64 | 459 | 3.02 | 11.45 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-DB-3d-600 | / | 58.29 | 379 | 2.33 | 4.29 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-ZB-2d-25 | 67.14 | 88.9 | 578 | 3.29 | 72.34 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-ZB-2d-200 | 67.24 | 88.67 | 576 | 3.79 | 53.95 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-ZB-2d-300 | 66.4 | 88.26 | 573 | 2.91 | 40.7 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-ZB-2d-400 | 67.8 | 84 | 546 | 2.72 | 36.85 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-ZB-2d-500 | 67.18 | 82.19 | 534 | 3.22 | 33.23 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-ZB-2d-600 | 63.15 | 68.87 | 447 | 1.70 | 18.61 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-ZD-2d-25 | 66.4 | 86.23 | 560 | 2.64 | 35.12 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-ZD-2d-200 | 66.2 | 82.59 | 537 | 3.11 | 32.86 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-ZD-2d-300 | 63.61 | 83.09 | 540 | 3.08 | 29.56 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-ZD-2d-400 | 66.19 | 82.16 | 534 | 2.81 | 27.79 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-ZD-2d-500 | 64.39 | 78.76 | 512 | 1.95 | 24.22 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-ZD-2d-600 | / | 60.4 | 392 | 2.68 | 5.24 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-PX-25 | 68.16 | 93.6 | 608 | 2.64 | 77.65 | Rebar fracture |
GT14-PX-200 | 67.5 | 93.1 | 605 | 2.91 | 74.57 | Rebar fracture |
GT14-PX-300 | 67.63 | 92.37 | 600 | 2.54 | 67.67 | Rebar fracture |
GT14-PX-400 | 67.79 | 90.1 | 585 | 3.09 | 66.02 | Rebar fracture |
GT14-PX-500 | 69.92 | 90.08 | 585 | 3.01 | 55.90 | Rebar pulled-out |
GT14-PX-600 | 64.3 | 81.4 | 529 | 3.25 | 28.17 | Rebar pulled-out |
Number | Defect Types X1 | Temperature X2/°C | Ultimate Load X0/kN | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | GT14-BM | 200 | 93.7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.00 |
2 | GT14-BM | 300 | 93.67 | 1 | 1.5 | 1 | 0 | 0.50 | 1 | 0.70 |
3 | GT14-BM | 400 | 92.5 | 1 | 2 | 0.99 | 0.01 | 1.01 | 0.99 | 0.54 |
4 | GT14-BM | 500 | 92.02 | 1 | 2.5 | 0.98 | 0.02 | 1.52 | 0.99 | 0.44 |
5 | GT14-BM | 600 | 81.9 | 1 | 3 | 0.87 | 0.13 | 2.13 | 0.90 | 0.36 |
6 | GT14-DB-1d | 200 | 92.75 | 0.88 | 1 | 0.99 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.92 | 0.99 |
7 | GT14-DB-1d | 300 | 92.37 | 0.88 | 1.5 | 0.99 | 0.10 | 0.51 | 0.92 | 0.70 |
8 | GT14-DB-1d | 400 | 88.26 | 0.88 | 2 | 0.94 | 0.06 | 1.06 | 0.95 | 0.53 |
9 | GT14-DB-1d | 500 | 88.45 | 0.88 | 2.5 | 0.94 | 0.06 | 1.56 | 0.95 | 0.43 |
10 | GT14-DB-1d | 600 | 81.34 | 0.88 | 3 | 0.87 | 0.02 | 2.13 | 0.99 | 0.36 |
11 | GT14-DB-2d | 200 | 92.07 | 0.77 | 1 | 0.98 | 0.22 | 0.02 | 0.85 | 0.99 |
12 | GT14-DB-2d | 300 | 89.21 | 0.77 | 1.5 | 0.95 | 0.19 | 0.55 | 0.87 | 0.68 |
13 | GT14-DB-2d | 400 | 87.86 | 0.77 | 2 | 0.94 | 0.17 | 1.06 | 0.87 | 0.53 |
14 | GT14-DB-2d | 500 | 86.3 | 0.77 | 2.5 | 0.92 | 0.15 | 1.58 | 0.89 | 0.43 |
15 | GT14-DB-2d | 600 | 79.08 | 0.77 | 3 | 0.84 | 0.08 | 2.16 | 0.94 | 0.36 |
16 | GT14-DB-2.5d | 200 | 90.33 | 0.71 | 1 | 0.96 | 0.26 | 0.04 | 0.82 | 0.97 |
17 | GT14-DB-2.5d | 300 | 90.2 | 0.71 | 1.5 | 0.96 | 0.25 | 0.54 | 0.82 | 0.69 |
18 | GT14-DB-2.5d | 400 | 85.46 | 0.71 | 2 | 0.91 | 0.20 | 1.09 | 0.85 | 0.52 |
19 | GT14-DB-2.5d | 500 | 79.08 | 0.71 | 2.5 | 0.84 | 0.14 | 1.66 | 0.90 | 0.42 |
20 | GT14-DB-2.5d | 600 | 75.77 | 0.71 | 3 | 0.81 | 0.10 | 2.19 | 0.92 | 0.35 |
21 | GT14-DB-3d | 200 | 80.56 | 0.65 | 1 | 0.86 | 0.21 | 0.14 | 0.85 | 0.89 |
22 | GT14-DB-3d | 300 | 79.3 | 0.65 | 1.5 | 0.85 | 0.20 | 0.65 | 0.86 | 0.65 |
23 | GT14-DB-3d | 400 | 74.1 | 0.65 | 2 | 0.79 | 0.14 | 1.21 | 0.89 | 0.50 |
24 | GT14-DB-3d | 500 | 70.64 | 0.65 | 2.5 | 0.75 | 0.10 | 1.75 | 0.92 | 0.41 |
25 | GT14-DB-3d | 600 | 58.29 | 0.65 | 3 | 0.62 | 0.03 | 2.38 | 0.98 | 0.33 |
26 | GT14-ZB-2d | 200 | 88.67 | 0.77 | 1 | 0.95 | 0.18 | 0.05 | 0.87 | 0.96 |
27 | GT14-ZB-2d | 300 | 88.26 | 0.77 | 1.5 | 0.94 | 0.18 | 0.56 | 0.87 | 0.68 |
28 | GT14-ZB-2d | 400 | 84 | 0.77 | 2 | 0.90 | 0.13 | 1.10 | 0.90 | 0.52 |
29 | GT14-ZB-2d | 500 | 82.19 | 0.77 | 2.5 | 0.88 | 0.11 | 1.62 | 0.92 | 0.42 |
30 | GT14-ZB-2d | 600 | 68.87 | 0.77 | 3 | 0.74 | 0.03 | 2.26 | 0.97 | 0.34 |
31 | GT14-ZD-2d | 200 | 82.59 | 0.77 | 1 | 0.88 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.91 | 0.91 |
32 | GT14-ZD-2d | 300 | 83.09 | 0.77 | 1.5 | 0.89 | 0.12 | 0.61 | 0.91 | 0.66 |
33 | GT14-ZD-2d | 400 | 82.16 | 0.77 | 2 | 0.88 | 0.11 | 1.12 | 0.92 | 0.53 |
34 | GT14-ZD-2d | 500 | 78.76 | 0.77 | 2.5 | 0.84 | 0.07 | 1.66 | 0.94 | 0.45 |
35 | GT14-ZD-2d | 600 | 60.4 | 0.77 | 3 | 0.64 | 0.12 | 2.36 | 0.91 | 0.34 |
36 | GT14-PX | 200 | 93.1 | 1 | 1 | 0.99 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
37 | GT14-PX | 300 | 92.37 | 1 | 1.5 | 0.99 | 0.01 | 0.51 | 0.99 | 0.70 |
38 | GT14-PX | 400 | 90.1 | 1 | 2 | 0.96 | 0.04 | 1.04 | 0.97 | 0.53 |
39 | GT14-PX | 500 | 90.08 | 1 | 2.5 | 0.96 | 0.04 | 1.54 | 0.97 | 0.44 |
40 | GT14-PX | 600 | 81.4 | 1 | 3 | 0.87 | 0.13 | 2.13 | 0.90 | 0.36 |
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Hu, S.; Jiang, S.; Chen, D.; Li, H.; Xu, T. Post-Fire Mechanical Properties of Half-Grouted Sleeve Connectors with Grouting Defects. Buildings 2024, 14, 1434. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051434
Hu S, Jiang S, Chen D, Li H, Xu T. Post-Fire Mechanical Properties of Half-Grouted Sleeve Connectors with Grouting Defects. Buildings. 2024; 14(5):1434. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051434
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Shouying, Shan Jiang, Dong Chen, Haoran Li, and Tao Xu. 2024. "Post-Fire Mechanical Properties of Half-Grouted Sleeve Connectors with Grouting Defects" Buildings 14, no. 5: 1434. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051434
APA StyleHu, S., Jiang, S., Chen, D., Li, H., & Xu, T. (2024). Post-Fire Mechanical Properties of Half-Grouted Sleeve Connectors with Grouting Defects. Buildings, 14(5), 1434. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051434