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Article

Resilience-Oriented Planning of Urban Distribution System Source–Network–Load–Storage in the Context of High-Penetrated Building-Integrated Resources

by
Sheng Zhu
1,
Ping Wang
1,
Wei Lou
2,*,
Shilin Shen
1,
Tongtong Liu
1,
Shu Yang
1,
Shizhe Xiang
3 and
Xiaodong Yang
3,*
1
Bengbu Power Supply Company of State Grid Anhui Electric Power Co., Ltd., Bengbu 233000, China
2
Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Anhui Electric Power Co., Ltd., Hefei 230601, China
3
Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy Utilization and Energy Saving, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1197; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051197
Submission received: 10 October 2023 / Revised: 13 November 2023 / Accepted: 22 November 2023 / Published: 23 April 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies for Building Energy Efficiency)
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Abstract

Building-integrated flexible resources can offer economical availability to accommodate high-penetrated renewable energy sources (RESs), which can be potentially coordinated to achieve cost-effective supply. This paper proposes a resilience-oriented planning model of urban distribution system source–network–load–storage in the context of high-penetrated building-integrated resources. In this model, source–network–load–storage resources are cost-optimally planned, including the lines, soft open point (SOP), building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs), building-integrated wind turbine (BIWT), building-integrated energy storage system (ESS), etc. To enhance fault recovery capability during extreme faults, fault scenarios are incorporated into the distribution system operation via coupled multiple recovery stages. The resilience-oriented planning is a thorny problem due to its source–network–load–storage couplings, normal-fault couplings, etc. The original resilience-oriented planning is reformulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem, which can then be solved with a two-stage method and evaluated via a multi-dimensional evaluation metrics. The proposed planning methodology is benchmarked over a Portugal 54-node urban distribution system to verify the superiority and effectiveness on the system economy and resilience levels. Case studies show that the proposed methodology can exploit the optimal synergies of different source–network–load–storage components and enhance system dispatchability.
Keywords: building-integrated resources; urban distribution system; economic optimization; renewable energy building-integrated resources; urban distribution system; economic optimization; renewable energy

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Zhu, S.; Wang, P.; Lou, W.; Shen, S.; Liu, T.; Yang, S.; Xiang, S.; Yang, X. Resilience-Oriented Planning of Urban Distribution System Source–Network–Load–Storage in the Context of High-Penetrated Building-Integrated Resources. Buildings 2024, 14, 1197. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051197

AMA Style

Zhu S, Wang P, Lou W, Shen S, Liu T, Yang S, Xiang S, Yang X. Resilience-Oriented Planning of Urban Distribution System Source–Network–Load–Storage in the Context of High-Penetrated Building-Integrated Resources. Buildings. 2024; 14(5):1197. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051197

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhu, Sheng, Ping Wang, Wei Lou, Shilin Shen, Tongtong Liu, Shu Yang, Shizhe Xiang, and Xiaodong Yang. 2024. "Resilience-Oriented Planning of Urban Distribution System Source–Network–Load–Storage in the Context of High-Penetrated Building-Integrated Resources" Buildings 14, no. 5: 1197. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051197

APA Style

Zhu, S., Wang, P., Lou, W., Shen, S., Liu, T., Yang, S., Xiang, S., & Yang, X. (2024). Resilience-Oriented Planning of Urban Distribution System Source–Network–Load–Storage in the Context of High-Penetrated Building-Integrated Resources. Buildings, 14(5), 1197. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051197

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