Parametric Numerical Study of Welded Aluminium Beam-to-Column Joints
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Overview on the Heat-Affected Zone in Aluminium Alloys
3. Numerical Parametric Study
3.1. Description of Numerical Modelling Approach
3.1.1. Variation of HAZ Geometry and Mechanical Properties
3.1.2. Contacts, Boundary Conditions, and Loading
3.2. Validation of Benchmarked Numerical Model
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Failure Modes
4.2. Moment–Rotation Characterisation
4.3. Effect of Variation of Aluminium Alloys of Base Material
4.4. Effect of Mechanical Properties Reduction in the HAZ
4.5. Effect of Different Definition of the HAZ Extent
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Compared to the benchmark steel beam-to-column joint, the aluminium beam-to-column joint showed significant differences in overall behaviour and failure mode. In the aluminium models, the joint failure occurred at the connection of the top flange aluminium beam with the aluminium column flange, while the steel joint failed in the column web zone. It is precisely the significant effect of the HAZ that led to the formation of the highest stress concentration and consequently to the local failure of the connection.
- (2)
- The degradation of the material properties in the HAZ significantly reduced the bending resistance of the joint. Based on the EC numerical models (RW_00 vs. R30) for the 6xxx series alloys (6061-T6 and 6082-T6), a decrease of 31% and 39%, respectively, was observed in ultimate bending resistance. On the other hand, more realistic models with HAZ defined and labelled N, S, and T had much smaller drops in ultimate bending resistance (17%, 12%, and 6%, respectively) compared to their identical models without reduced mechanical properties.
- (3)
- The validity of the HAZ extent should also be re-investigated. A model with a smaller HAZ extent (AL_EC6061-T6_R23) compared to model with a higher HAZ extent (AL _EC6061-T6_R30) showed a more favourable behaviour in both ultimate bending moment resistance and the initial stiffness of the joint.
- (4)
- It appears that a more precisely (gradual) defined degradation of material properties in the HAZ, i.e., in several subzones, ultimately led to a more favourable behaviour of the beam-to-column joint compared to the model where the degradation of the material occurred uniformly over the entire HAZ extent according to the standards. Therefore, the optimal assumption of the HAZ definition should be taken as the one from model labelled N, where the gradual degradation is defined based on experimental studies. Such a HAZ definition led to higher bending resistance and initial stiffness of the beam-to-column joint.
- (5)
- There was no significant influence of the HAZ extent definition (C or R) for the considered thicknesses of the welded members. However, this assumption of HAZ measurement can significantly influence the behaviour of specimens where thicker elements (20 mm and more) are welded together.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
EC 9 | Eurocode 9 |
EC 3 | Eurocode 3 |
HAZ | Heat-Affected Zone |
ADM | American Design Manual |
CSA | Canadian Standard Association |
MIG | Metal Inert Gas |
TIG | Tungsten Inert Gas |
FSW | Friction Stir Welding |
LW | Laser Welding |
CMT | Cold Metal Transfer |
DP-MIG | Double Pulse-MIG |
AC-MIG | Alternating Current-MIG |
GMAW | Gas Metal Arc Welding |
LBW | Laser Beam Welding |
BM | Base Material |
HV | Hardness in Vickers |
HRF | Hardness in Rockwell |
DIC | Digital Image Correlation |
VFM | Virtual Fields Method |
fo | 0.2% proof strength |
fu | ultimate strength |
fo,haz | 0.2% proof strength in the HAZ |
fu,haz | ultimate strength in the HAZ |
α2 | factor that considers influence of temperature above 80 °C |
ρo,haz | reduction factor of 0.2% proof strength in the HAZ |
ρu,haz | reduction factor of ultimate strength in the HAZ |
fw | characteristic strength of weld metal |
εu | characteristic value of elongation at rupture |
E | Young’s modulus of elasticity |
Mj | bending moment |
F | applied force/load |
Lf | lever arm from the applied force to the connection of the beam and column |
δuf | displacement of the column at beam top flange level |
δbf | displacement of the column at beam bottom flange level |
δb | measured displacement at the end of the beam |
θb,el | elastic rotation of the beam |
z | distance between the centres of gravity of the beam flanges |
ϕ | joint rotation |
Mu | joint ultimate resistance |
Sj,ini | initial rotational stiffness |
ϕMu | rotation at maximum bending moment |
δMu | vertical displacement of the point at the top flange at the end of the beam at maximum bending moment |
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Ref. | Welding Method | Weld Type | Alloy | Thickness [mm] | HAZ Extent from Centre [mm] | Ultimate Strength of the Joint [MPa] | Joint Efficiency = Joint/BM [%] | Distance of Min. Hardness from Centre [mm] | Min. Hardness/Base Hardness [%] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moen et al. (1999) [40] | MIG | welded stiffener | EN AW-6082-T6 | 5.0 | 30.0 | 213 | 66.0 | 12.0 | 63.0 |
Sato et al. (1999) [41] | FSW | butt weld | EN AW-6063-T5 | 6.0 | 15.0 | - | - | 10.0 | 65.0 |
Missori et al. (2000) [42] | MIG | butt weld | EN AW-6082-T6 | 10.0 | 20.0 | 169 | 62.0 | 10.0 | 55.0 |
Wang (2006) [43] | MIG | fillet weld | EN AW-6082-T6 | 5.0 | 30.0 | 270 | 76.0 | 10.0 | 65.0 |
Zheng et al. (2009) [44] | MIG | butt weld | EN AW-6061-T6 | 3.0 | 23.0 | 181 | 76.0 | 10.0 | 50.0 |
Li et al. (2006) [45] | TIG | butt weld | EN AW-6061-T6 | 6.0 | 25.0 | 183 | 56.0 | 10.0 | 50.0 |
Sukawet et al. (2015) [46] | GMAW | butt weld | EN AW-5083 | 6.0 | 4.0 | 193 | 65.0 | 3.0 | 92.0 |
Baskutis et al. (2017) [47] | GMAW | butt weld | EN AW-6082-T6 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 183 | 69.0 | 5.0 | 86.0 |
Guzman et al. (2019) [48] | Pulsed GMAW | butt weld | EN AW-6061-T4 | 7.0 | 17.5 | 153 | - | 14.5 | 95 |
Yang et al. (2018) [49] | FSW | butt weld | EN AW-6061-T4 | 6.35 | 12.5 | 229 | 93.0 | 8.0 | 75.0 |
Wang et al. (2016) [50] | MIG | butt weld | 6N01S-T5 | 8.0 | 22.0 | 210 | 72.0 | 12.0 | 58.0 |
Laser-MIG | 24.0 | 243 | 83.0 | 14.0 | 60.0 | ||||
Yan et al. (2014) [51] | MIG | butt weld | EN AW-6005-T6 | 5.0 | 17.0 | 190 | 68.8 | 8.0 | 87.0 |
Laser-MIG | 12.0 | 206 | 74.6 | 7.0 | 84.0 | ||||
Wang et al. (2016) [52] | LBW | butt weld | EN AW-6061-T6 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 220–231 | ~70.0 | 1.0 | 75.0 |
Model Name | Aluminium Alloy | Extent of HAZ | |
---|---|---|---|
bhaz [mm] | Measured | ||
AL_EC6061-T6_RW_00 | EC6061-T6 [7,9] | - | - |
AL_EC6061-T6_RW_R30 | 30 | radial from the weld end | |
AL_EC6061-T6_R30 | 30 | ||
AL_EC6061-T6_R23 | 23 | ||
AL_EC6061-T6_R40 | 40 | ||
AL_EC6061-T6_C30 | 30 | radial from the weld centreline | |
AL_EC6061-T6_C23 | 23 | ||
AL_EC6061-T6_C30 | 40 | ||
AL_EC7020-T6_R30 | EC7020-T6 [7,9] | 30 | radial from the weld end |
AL_EC7020-T6_R23 | 23 | ||
AL_EC7020-T6_R40 | 40 | ||
AL_EC6082-T6_RW_00 | EC6082-T6 [7,9] | - | - |
AL_EC6082-T6_R30 | 30 | radial from the weld end | |
AL_ADM7005-T53_C25 | ADM7005-T53 [28] | 25 | radial from the weld centreline |
AL_ADM6061-T6_C25 | ADM6061-T6 [28] | 25 | |
AL_N6061-T6_C25 | N6061-T6 [25] | 25 | radial from the weld centreline |
AL_N6061-T6_RW_00 | - | ||
AL_S6082-T6_C25 | S6082-T6 [60] | 15 | radial from the weld end |
AL_S6082-T6_RW_00 | - | ||
AL_T6082-T6_C25 | T6082-T6 [61] | 25 | radial from the weld end |
AL_T6082-T6_RW_00 | - |
Aluminium Alloy | fo [MPa] | fu [MPa] | fo,haz [MPa] | fu,haz [MPa] | ρo,haz | ρu,haz | fw [MPa] | εu [%] | E [MPa] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EC6061-T6 | 240 | 260 | 115 | 175 | 0.48 | 0.67 | 190 | 9 | 70,000 |
EC6082-T6 | 260 | 310 | 125 | 186 | 0.48 | 0.60 | 210 | 10 | |
EC7020-T6 | 290 | 350 | 205 | 280 | 0.71 | 0.80 | 260 | 10 | |
ADM7005-T53 | 305 | 345 | 165 | 275 | 0.54 | 0.80 | 240 | 10 | 72,400 |
ADM6061-T6 | 240 | 260 | 105 | 165 | 0.44 | 0.64 | 190 | 9 | 69,600 |
N6061-T6 | 250 | 295 | 1 Value of zone Z1-Z6 | - | - | 1 Value of Z1 | 8 | 68,900 | |
S6082-T6 | 334 | 353 | 207 271 | 261 307 | 0.62 | 0.74 | 210 | 8 | 73,000 |
T6082-T6 | 316 | 340 | 177 | 256 | 0.56 | 0.75 | 210 | 7 | 70,000 |
Model Name | Mu [kNm] | Sj,ini [kNm/mrad] | ϕMu [mrad] | δMu [mm] |
---|---|---|---|---|
AL_EC6061-T6_RW_00 | 55.9 | 14.364 | 50 | 154 |
AL_EC6061-T6_RW_R30 | 45.6 | 10.089 | 63 | 126 |
AL_EC6061-T6_R30 | 42.7 | 9.843 | 65 | 120 |
AL_EC6061-T6_R23 | 48.8 | 11.143 | 67 | 152 |
AL_EC6061-T6_R40 | 41.5 | 9.862 | 69 | 119 |
AL_EC6061-T6_C30 | 42.4 | 9.488 | 44 | 86 |
AL_EC6061-T6_C23 | 48.8 | 11.097 | 54 | 129 |
AL_EC6061-T6_C40 | 40.9 | 9.768 | 62 | 107 |
AL_EC7020-T6_R30 | 61.2 | 11.040 | 51 | 130 |
AL_EC7020-T6_R23 | 65.1 | 11.659 | 57 | 148 |
AL_EC7020-T6_R40 | 59.1 | 10.859 | 47 | 112 |
AL_EC6082-T6_RW_00 | 63.2 | 15.294 | 44 | 137 |
AL_EC6082-T6_R30 | 45.6 | 10.649 | 61 | 111 |
AL_ADM7005_C25 | 62.7 | 11.769 | 48 | 121 |
AL_ADM6061_C25 | 45.6 | 10.977 | 55 | 119 |
AL_N6061-T6_RW_00 | 63.3 | 12.333 | 46 | 133 |
AL_N6061-T6_C25 | 54.2 | 12.101 | 36 | 89 |
AL_S6082-T6_RW_00 | 58.4 | 11.450 | 38 | 121 |
AL_S6082-T6_C25 | 52.1 | 11.299 | 57 | 137 |
AL_T6082-T6_RW_00 | 69.9 | 14.181 | 44 | 130 |
AL_T6082-T6_C25 | 65.7 | 12.469 | 47 | 124 |
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Skejić, D.; Žuvelek, V.; Valčić, A. Parametric Numerical Study of Welded Aluminium Beam-to-Column Joints. Buildings 2023, 13, 718. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030718
Skejić D, Žuvelek V, Valčić A. Parametric Numerical Study of Welded Aluminium Beam-to-Column Joints. Buildings. 2023; 13(3):718. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030718
Chicago/Turabian StyleSkejić, Davor, Vlaho Žuvelek, and Anđelo Valčić. 2023. "Parametric Numerical Study of Welded Aluminium Beam-to-Column Joints" Buildings 13, no. 3: 718. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030718