Laboratory Measurement and Boundary Conditions for the Water Vapour Resistivity Properties of Typical Australian Impermeable and Smart Pliable Membranes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Boundary Conditions
2.2. Experimenal Procedure
3. Results
4. Discussion
Harmonic Adjusment of Hygrothermal Boundary Curve
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
RH% | Dry Test Resistance Factor µ | Wet Test Resistance Factor µ | Dry Test SD (m) | Wet Test SD (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sample C | ||||
35 | 189,398 | 13,043 | 46.21 | 3.4 |
50 | 94,895 | 7180 | 23.25 | 2.5 |
65 | 64,499 | 7640 | 16.04 | 2.37 |
80 | 10,005 | 6918 | 2.72 | 1.98 |
Sample D | ||||
35 | 222,099 | 120,265 | 49.5 | 26.82 |
50 | 139,160 | 210,033 | 31.4 | 48.99 |
65 | 265,273 | 223,063 | 59.9 | 50.44 |
80 | 388,586 | 91,312 | 87.7 | 20.27 |
Sample E | ||||
35 | 383,221 | 304,191 | 116.4 | 97.5 |
50 | 530,781 | 71,909 | 160.8 | 23.07 |
65 | 472,951 | 90,899 | 144.6 | 30.9 |
80 | 378,743 | 47,612 | 114.9 | 15.2 |
Appendix C
Sample | Mean Thickness | Mass Change Rate | Area | Water Vapour Flux | Water Vapour Permeance | Water Vapour Resistance | Water Vapour Permeability | Water Vapour Resistance | Diffusion-Equivalent |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
at 23 °C 35% RH | d (m) | /time (G in kg/s) | m2 | g = G/A in kg/(s·m2) | W = g/dp in kg/(s·m2·Pa) | Z = 1/W in (s·m2·Pa)/kg | δ = W × d in kg/(s·m·Pa) | factor µ | air layer thickness Sd |
Dry cup test | |||||||||
C-1 | 0.000213 | 1.2 × 10−10 | 0.02830 | 4.3 × 10−9 | 4.7 × 10−12 | 2.1 × 1011 | 1.0 × 10−15 | 193,866.0000 | 41.2900 |
C-2 | 0.000248 | 9.8 × 10−11 | 0.02630 | 3.7 × 10−9 | 4.2 × 10−12 | 2.4 × 1011 | 1.0 × 10−15 | 189,233.8700 | 46.9300 |
C-3 | 0.000256 | 9.2 × 10−11 | 0.02540 | 3.6 × 10−9 | 4.0 × 10−12 | 2.5 × 1011 | 1.0 × 10−15 | 188,509.8800 | 48.2600 |
C-4 | 0.000256 | 9.8 × 10−11 | 0.02750 | 3.6 × 10−9 | 4.0 × 10−12 | 2.5 × 1011 | 1.0 × 10−15 | 191,794.3500 | 49.1000 |
C-5 | 0.000252 | 9.8 × 10−11 | 0.02600 | 3.8 × 10−9 | 4.2 × 10−12 | 2.3 × 1011 | 1.1 × 10−15 | 183,888.8900 | 46.3600 |
Mean | 0.000245 | 1.0 × 10−10 | 0.02670 | 3.8 × 10−9 | 4.2 × 10−12 | 2.4 × 1011 | 1.0 × 10−15 | 189,458.5980 | 46.3880 |
Wet cup test | |||||||||
C-6 | 0.000246 | 2.8 × 10−9 | 0.02630 | 1.1 × 10−7 | 6.6 × 10−11 | 1.5 × 1010 | 1.6 × 10−14 | 11,910.5800 | 2.9300 |
C-7 | 0.000287 | 2.3 × 10−9 | 0.02780 | 8.2 × 10−8 | 5.0 × 10−11 | 2.0 × 1010 | 1.4 × 10−14 | 13,491.7600 | 3.8700 |
C-8 | 0.000255 | 2.2 × 10−9 | 0.02690 | 8.2 × 10−8 | 5.1 × 10−11 | 2.0 × 1010 | 1.3 × 10−14 | 15,034.3300 | 3.8340 |
C-9 | 0.000251 | 2.6 × 10−9 | 0.02690 | 9.6 × 10−8 | 5.9 × 10−11 | 1.7 × 1010 | 1.5 × 10−14 | 13,149.6300 | 3.3000 |
C-10 | 0.000253 | 2.9 × 10−9 | 0.02780 | 1.0 × 10−7 | 6.3 × 10−11 | 1.6 × 1010 | 1.6 × 10−14 | 12,090.9500 | 3.0600 |
Mean | 0.0002584 | 2.6 × 10−9 | 0.02714 | 9.4 × 10−8 | 5.8 × 10−11 | 1.8 × 1010 | 1.5 × 10−14 | 13,135.4500 | 3.3988 |
Sample Tested | Mean Thickness | Mass Change Rate | Area | Water Vapour Flux | Water Vapour Permeance | Water Vapour Resistance | Water Vapour Permeability | Water Vapour Resistance | Diffusion-Equivalent |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
at 23 °C 50% RH | d (m) | /time (G in kg/s) | m2 | g = G/A in kg/(s·m2) | W = g/dp in kg/(s·m2·Pa) | Z = 1/W in (s·m2·Pa)/kg | δ = W × d in kg/(s·m·Pa) | factor µ | air layer thickness Sd |
Dry cup test | |||||||||
C-1 | 0.000213 | 3.2 × 10−10 | 0.02830 | 1.1 × 10−8 | 8.6 × 10−12 | 1.2 × 1011 | 1.8 × 10−15 | 106,291.0800 | 22.6600 |
C-2 | 0.000248 | 2.4 × 10−10 | 0.02630 | 9.3 × 10−9 | 7.0 × 10−12 | 1.4 × 1011 | 1.7 × 10−15 | 111,688.4600 | 27.7000 |
C-3 | 0.000256 | 2.9 × 10−10 | 0.02550 | 1.2 × 10−8 | 8.8 × 10−12 | 1.1 × 1011 | 2.2 × 10−15 | 86,641.7800 | 22.1800 |
C-4 | 0.000256 | 3.2 × 10−10 | 0.02750 | 1.2 × 10−8 | 8.8 × 10−12 | 1.1 × 1011 | 2.3 × 10−15 | 85,962.4200 | 22.0100 |
C-5 | 0.000252 | 3.0 × 10−10 | 0.02600 | 1.1 × 10−8 | 8.6 × 10−12 | 1.2 × 1011 | 2.2 × 10−15 | 89,654.7600 | 22.5900 |
Mean | 0.000245 | 2.9 × 10−10 | 0.02672 | 1.1 × 10−8 | 8.4 × 10−12 | 1.2 × 1011 | 2.0 × 10−15 | 96,047.7000 | 23.4280 |
Wet cup test | |||||||||
C-6 | 0.000246 | 2.9 × 10−9 | 0.02630 | 1.1 × 10−7 | 9.1 × 10−11 | 1.1 × 1010 | 2.2 × 10−14 | 8570.3800 | 2.1100 |
C-7 | 0.000287 | 2.6 × 10−9 | 0.02780 | 9.2 × 10−8 | 7.6 × 10−11 | 1.3 × 1010 | 2.2 × 10−14 | 8810.0270 | 2.5300 |
C-8 | 0.000251 | 3.8 × 10−9 | 0.02690 | 1.4 × 10−7 | 1.2 × 10−10 | 8.5 × 109 | 3.0 × 10−14 | 6494.0200 | 1.6300 |
C-9 | 0.000251 | 3.9 × 10−9 | 0.02550 | 1.5 × 10−7 | 1.3 × 10−10 | 8.0 × 109 | 3.2 × 10−14 | 6091.5500 | 1.5300 |
C-10 | 0.000253 | 3.8 × 10−9 | 0.02780 | 1.4 × 10−7 | 1.1 × 10−10 | 8.9 × 109 | 2.8 × 10−14 | 6758.0000 | 1.7100 |
Mean | 0.0002576 | 3.4 × 10−9 | 0.02686 | 1.3 × 10−7 | 1.0 × 10−10 | 9.9 × 109 | 2.7 × 10−14 | 7344.7954 | 1.9020 |
Sample Tested | Mean Thickness | Mass Change Rate | Area | Water Vapour Flux | Water Vapour Permeance | Water Vapour Resistance | Water Vapour Permeability | Water Vapour Resistance | Diffusion-Equivalent |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
at 23 °C 65% RH | d (m) | /time (G in kg/s) | m2 | g = G/A in kg/(s·m2) | W = g/dp in kg/(s·m2·Pa) | Z = 1/W in (s·m2·Pa)/kg | δ = W × d in kg/(s·m·Pa) | factor µ | air layer thickness Sd |
Dry cup test | |||||||||
C-1 | 0.000229 | 5.6 × 10−10 | 0.02720 | 2.1 × 10−8 | 1.2 × 10−11 | 8.5 × 1010 | 2.7 × 10−15 | 72,237.3900 | 16.5400 |
C-2 | 0.000248 | 5.9 × 10−10 | 0.02750 | 2.1 × 10−8 | 1.2 × 10−11 | 8.2 × 1010 | 3.0 × 10−15 | 64,399.4000 | 15.9700 |
C-3 | 0.000256 | 6.1 × 10−10 | 0.02690 | 2.3 × 10−8 | 1.3 × 10−11 | 7.7 × 1010 | 3.3 × 10−15 | 59,677.9700 | 15.2800 |
C-4 | 0.000258 | 5.8 × 10−10 | 0.02750 | 2.1 × 10−8 | 1.2 × 10−11 | 8.3 × 1010 | 3.1 × 10−15 | 63,056.0000 | 16.2700 |
C-5 | 0.000252 | 5.6 × 10−10 | 0.02689 | 2.1 × 10−8 | 1.2 × 10−11 | 8.3 × 1010 | 3.0 × 10−15 | 64,375.2400 | 16.2200 |
Mean | 0.0002486 | 5.8 × 10−10 | 0.02720 | 2.1 × 10−8 | 1.2 × 10−11 | 8.2 × 1010 | 3.0 × 10−15 | 64,749.2000 | 16.0560 |
Wet cup test | |||||||||
C-6 | 0.000277 | 1.9 × 10−9 | 0.02750 | 6.8 × 10−8 | 8.6 × 10−11 | 1.2 × 1010 | 2.4 × 10−14 | 8158.8500 | 2.2600 |
C-7 | 0.000284 | 1.7 × 10−9 | 0.02750 | 6.1 × 10−8 | 7.8 × 10−11 | 1.3 × 1010 | 2.2 × 10−14 | 8802.8200 | 2.5000 |
C-8 | 0.000278 | 2.0 × 10−9 | 0.02720 | 7.2 × 10−8 | 9.1 × 10−11 | 1.1 × 1010 | 2.5 × 10−14 | 7645.3800 | 2.1300 |
C-9 | 0.000262 | 1.7 × 10−9 | 0.02660 | 6.2 × 10−8 | 7.9 × 10−11 | 1.3 × 1010 | 2.1 × 10−14 | 9395.5200 | 2.4600 |
C-10 | 0.000263 | 1.6 × 10−9 | 0.02660 | 5.9 × 10−8 | 7.5 × 10−11 | 1.3 × 1010 | 2.0 × 10−14 | 9809.4800 | 2.5800 |
Mean | 0.0002728 | 1.7 × 10−9 | 0.02708 | 6.4 × 10−8 | 8.2 × 10−11 | 1.2 × 1010 | 2.2 × 10−14 | 8762.4100 | 2.3860 |
Sample Tested at 23 °C 80% RH | Mean Thickness d (m) | Mass Change Rate/Time (G in kg/s) | Area m2 | Water Vapour Flux g = G/A in kg/(s·m2) | Water Vapour Permeance W = g/dp in kg/(s·m2·Pa) | Water Vapour Resistance Z = 1/W in (s·m2·Pa)/kg | Water Vapour Permeability δ = W × d in kg/(s·m·Pa) | Water Vapour Resistance Factor µ | Diffusion Equivalent Air Layer Thickness Sd |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dry cup test | |||||||||
C-1 | 0.000284 | 4.2 × 10−9 | 0.02720 | 1.5 × 10−7 | 7.1 × 10−11 | 1.4 × 1010 | 2.0 × 10−14 | 9628.2300 | 2.7300 |
C-2 | 0.000277 | 4.3 × 10−9 | 0.02750 | 1.5 × 10−7 | 7.2 × 10−11 | 1.4 × 1010 | 2.0 × 10−14 | 9797.8500 | 2.7100 |
C-3 | 0.000278 | 4.1 × 10−9 | 0.02690 | 1.5 × 10−7 | 7.0 × 10−11 | 1.4 × 1010 | 1.9 × 10−14 | 10,035.9700 | 2.7900 |
C-4 | 0.000262 | 4.2 × 10−9 | 0.02750 | 1.5 × 10−7 | 7.0 × 10−11 | 1.4 × 1010 | 1.8 × 10−14 | 10,584.5300 | 2.7700 |
C-5 | 0.000263 | 4.3 × 10−9 | 0.02690 | 1.6 × 10−7 | 7.4 × 10−11 | 1.4 × 1010 | 1.9 × 10−14 | 10,030.1700 | 2.6400 |
Mean | 0.0002728 | 4.2 × 10−9 | 0.02720 | 1.5 × 10−7 | 7.1 × 10−11 | 1.4 × 1010 | 1.9 × 10−14 | 10,015.3500 | 2.7280 |
Wet cup test | |||||||||
C-6 | 0.000277 | 9.3 × 10−10 | 0.02750 | 3.4 × 10−8 | 9.2 × 10−11 | 1.1 × 1010 | 2.6 × 10−14 | 7476.8900 | 2.0700 |
C-7 | 0.000284 | 1.1 × 10−9 | 0.02750 | 4.1 × 10−8 | 1.1 × 10−10 | 8.9 × 109 | 3.2 × 10−14 | 5954.2400 | 1.6900 |
C-8 | 0.000278 | 1.2 × 10−9 | 0.02720 | 4.3 × 10−8 | 1.2 × 10−10 | 8.6 × 109 | 3.2 × 10−14 | 5882.1300 | 1.6400 |
C-9 | 0.000262 | 9.3 × 10−10 | 0.02660 | 3.5 × 10−8 | 9.5 × 10−11 | 1.0 × 1010 | 2.5 × 10−14 | 7643.6600 | 2.0000 |
C-10 | 0.000263 | 8.5 × 10−10 | 0.02660 | 3.2 × 10−8 | 8.7 × 10−11 | 1.1 × 1010 | 2.3 × 10−14 | 8314.1600 | 2.9000 |
Mean | 0.0002728 | 1.0 × 10−9 | 0.02708 | 3.7 × 10−8 | 1.0 × 10−10 | 1.0 × 1010 | 2.8 × 10−14 | 7054.2160 | 2.0600 |
Sample Tested at 23 °C 35% RH | Mean Thickness d (m) | Mass Change Rate/Time (G in kg/s) | Area m2 | Water Vapour Flux g = G/A in kg/(s·m2) | Water Vapour Permeance W = g/dp in kg/(s·m2·Pa) | Water Vapour Resistance Z = 1/W in (s·m2·Pa)/kg | Water Vapour Permeability δ = W × d in kg/(s·m·Pa) | Water Vapour Resistance Factor µ | Diffusion-Air Layer Thickness Sd |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dry cup test | |||||||||
D-1 | 0.000224 | 7.23 × 10−11 | 2.60 × 10−2 | 2.78 × 10−9 | 3.10 × 10−12 | 3.23 × 1011 | 6.94 × 10−16 | 281,432.34 | 63.04 |
D-2 | 0.00022 | 9.65 × 10−11 | 2.57 × 10−2 | 3.75 × 10−9 | 4.18 × 10−12 | 2.39 × 1011 | 9.19 × 10−16 | 212,427.32 | 46.73 |
D-3 | 0.000221 | 8.20 × 10−11 | 2.49 × 10−2 | 3.29 × 10−9 | 3.66 × 10−12 | 2.73 × 1011 | 8.10 × 10−16 | 241,020.61 | 53.27 |
D-4 | 0.000227 | 1.01 × 10−10 | 2.32 × 10−2 | 4.37 × 10−9 | 4.86 × 10−12 | 2.06 × 1011 | 1.10 × 10−15 | 176,990.51 | 40.18 |
D-5 | 0.000221 | 8.20 × 10−11 | 2.32 × 10−2 | 3.53 × 10−9 | 3.93 × 10−12 | 2.54 × 1011 | 8.69 × 10−16 | 224,580.78 | 49.63 |
Mean | 0.000223 | 8.68 × 10−11 | 0.0246 | 3.54 × 10−9 | 3.95 × 10−12 | 2.59 × 1011 | 8.79 × 10−16 | 2.27 × 105 | 50.57 |
Wet cup test | |||||||||
D-6 | 0.00022 | 3.71 × 10−10 | 0.0275 | 1.35 × 10−8 | 8.24 × 10−12 | 1.21 × 1011 | 1.81 × 10−15 | 1.08 × 105 | 23.69 |
D-7 | 0.00022 | 3.08 × 10−10 | 0.0269 | 1.14 × 10−8 | 6.98 × 10−12 | 1.43 × 1011 | 1.54 × 10−15 | 1.27 × 105 | 27.96 |
D-8 | 0.00023 | 2.86 × 10−10 | 0.0263 | 1.09 × 10−8 | 6.64 × 10−12 | 1.51 × 1011 | 1.50 × 10−15 | 1.31 × 105 | 29.38 |
D-9 | 0.00022 | 2.97 × 10−10 | 0.0255 | 1.16 × 10−8 | 7.11 × 10−12 | 1.41 × 1011 | 1.57 × 10−15 | 1.24 × 105 | 27.46 |
D-10 | 0.00022 | 3.29 × 10−10 | 0.0263 | 1.25 × 10−8 | 7.63 × 10−12 | 1.31 × 1011 | 1.69 × 10−15 | 1.15 × 105 | 25.59 |
Mean | 0.00022 | 3.18 × 10−10 | 0.0265 | 1.20 × 10−8 | 7.32 × 10−12 | 1.37 × 1011 | 1.62 × 10−15 | 1.21 × 105 | 26.816 |
Sample Tested at 23 °C 50% RH | Mean Thickness d (m) | Mass Change Rate/Time (G in kg/s) | Area m2 | Water Vapour Flux g = G/A in kg/(s·m2) | Water Vapour Permeance W = g/dp in kg/(s·m2·Pa) | Water Vapour Resistance Z = 1/W in (s·m2·Pa)/kg | Water Vapour Permeability δ = W × d in kg/(s·m·Pa) | Water Vapour Resistance Factor µ | Diffusion-Air Layer Thickness Sd |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dry cup test | |||||||||
D-1 | 0.000230 | 2.02 × 10−10 | 0.02750 | 7.33 × 10−9 | 5.56 × 10−12 | 1.80 × 1011 | 1.28 × 10−15 | 151,165 | 34.77 |
D-2 | 0.000223 | 3.17 × 10−10 | 0.02776 | 1.14 × 10−8 | 8.65 × 10−12 | 1.16 × 1011 | 1.93 × 10−15 | 100,117.68 | 22.33 |
D-3 | 0.000228 | 2.59 × 10−10 | 0.02750 | 9.43 × 10−9 | 7.14 × 10−12 | 1.40 × 1011 | 1.63 × 10−15 | 118,581.32 | 27.04 |
D-4 | 0.000227 | 2.02 × 10−10 | 0.02750 | 7.33 × 10−9 | 5.56 × 10−12 | 1.80 × 1011 | 1.26 × 10−15 | 153,171.81 | 34.77 |
D-5 | 0.000221 | 1.38 × 10−10 | 0.02750 | 5.04 × 10−9 | 3.82 × 10−12 | 2.62 × 1011 | 8.43 × 10−16 | 229,117.18 | 50.64 |
Mean | 0.000226 | 2.236 × 10−10 | 0.02755 | 8.108 × 10−9 | 6.145 × 10−12 | 1.755 × 1011 | 1.388 × 10−15 | 1.504 × 105 | 33.91 |
Wet cup test | |||||||||
D-6 | 0.00022 | 2.04 × 10−10 | 0.02750 | 7.42 × 10−9 | 6.15 × 10−12 | 1.63 × 1011 | 1.35 × 10−15 | 143,277.73 | 31.52 |
D-7 | 0.000221 | 1.15 × 10−10 | 0.02690 | 4.29 × 10−9 | 3.55 × 10−12 | 2.82 × 1011 | 7.85 × 10−16 | 246,887.09 | 54.56 |
D-8 | 0.000225 | 1.06 × 10−10 | 0.02630 | 4.05 × 10−9 | 3.35 × 10−12 | 2.98 × 1011 | 7.55 × 10−16 | 256,844.44 | 57.79 |
D-9 | 0.000221 | 1.15 × 10−10 | 0.02780 | 4.15 × 10−9 | 3.44 × 10−12 | 2.91 × 1011 | 7.60 × 10−16 | 255,149.38 | 56.39 |
D-10 | 0.000222 | 1.42 × 10−10 | 0.02690 | 5.28 × 10−9 | 4.37 × 10−12 | 2.29 × 1011 | 9.62 × 10−16 | 201,486.17 | 44.73 |
Mean | 0.000222 | 1.37 × 10−10 | 0.02708 | 5.04 × 10−9 | 4.17 × 10−12 | 2.52 × 1011 | 9.23 × 10−16 | 220,728.96 | 48.998 |
Sample Tested at 23 °C 65% RH | Mean Thickness d (m) | Mass Change Rate/Time (G in kg/s) | Area m2 | Water Vapour Flux g = G/A in kg/(s·m2) | Water Vapour Permeance W = g/dp in kg/(s·m2·Pa) | Water Vapour Resistance Z = 1/W in (s·m2·Pa)/kg | Water Vapour Permeability δ = W × d in kg/(s·m·Pa) | Water Vapour Resistance Factor µ | Diffusion-Air Layer Thickness Sd |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dry cup test | |||||||||
D-1 | 0.000230 | 1.434 × 10−10 | 0.0275 | 5.216 × 10−9 | 2.996 × 10−12 | 3.338 × 1011 | 6.892 × 10−16 | 282,754.23 | 65.03 |
D-2 | 0.000223 | 1.149 × 10−10 | 0.2780 | 5.358 × 10−9 | 3.078 × 10−12 | 3.249 × 1011 | 6.864 × 10−16 | 283,905.36 | 63.31 |
D-3 | 0.000228 | 1.545 × 10−10 | 0.0275 | 5.617 × 10−9 | 3.227 × 10−12 | 3.099 × 1011 | 7.357 × 10−16 | 264,860.83 | 60.39 |
D-4 | 0.000225 | 1.545 × 10−10 | 0.0241 | 6.409 × 10−9 | 3.682 × 10−12 | 2.716 × 1011 | 8.284 × 10−16 | 235,199.55 | 52.92 |
D-5 | 0.000223 | 1.379 × 10−10 | 0.0241 | 5.722 × 10−9 | 3.287 × 10−12 | 3.042 × 1011 | 7.331 × 10−16 | 265,798.54 | 59.27 |
Mean | 0.000226 | 1.410 × 10−10 | 0.0762 | 5.664 × 10−9 | 3.254 × 10−12 | 3.089 × 1011 | 7.345 × 10−16 | 266,503.70 | 60.184 |
Wet cup test | |||||||||
D-6 | 0.000220 | 1.048 × 10−10 | 0.02750 | 3.811 × 10−9 | 4.848 × 10−12 | 2.063 × 1011 | 1.067 × 10−15 | 182,658.01 | 40.19 |
D-7 | 0.000221 | 7.723 × 10−11 | 0.02690 | 2.871 × 10−9 | 3.652 × 10−12 | 2.714 × 1011 | 8.071 × 10−16 | 241,413.14 | 53.35 |
D-8 | 0.000225 | 6.620 × 10−11 | 0.02630 | 2.517 × 10−9 | 3.202 × 10−12 | 3.123 × 1011 | 7.204 × 10−16 | 270,479.00 | 60.86 |
D-9 | 0.000221 | 7.723 × 10−11 | 0.02630 | 2.937 × 10−9 | 3.735 × 10−12 | 2.677 × 1011 | 8.255 × 10−16 | 236,027.34 | 52.16 |
D-10 | 0.000222 | 8.826 × 10−11 | 0.02630 | 3.356 × 10−9 | 4.269 × 10−12 | 2.343 × 1011 | 9.477 × 10−16 | 205,582.47 | 45.64 |
Mean | 0.000222 | 8.275 × 10−11 | 0.02666 | 3.098 × 10−9 | 3.941 × 10−12 | 2.584 × 1011 | 8.735 × 10−16 | 227,231.99 | 50.44 |
Sample Tested at 23 °C 80% RH | Mean Thickness d (m) | Mass Change Rate/Time (G in kg/s) | Area m2 | Water Vapour Flux g = G/A in kg/(s·m2) | Water Vapour Permeance W = g/dp in kg/(s·m2·Pa) | Water Vapour Resistance Z = 1/W in (s·m2·Pa)/kg | Water Vapour Permeability δ = W × d in kg/(s·m·Pa) | Water Vapour Resistance Factor µ | Diffusion-Air Layer Thickness Sd |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dry cup test | |||||||||
D-1 | 0.000230 | 1.412 × 10−10 | 0.0275 | 5.135 × 10−9 | 2.375 × 10−12 | 4.210 × 1011 | 5.463 × 10−16 | 356,892.45 | 82.09 |
D-2 | 0.000223 | 1.540 × 10−10 | 0.0278 | 5.541 × 10−9 | 2.563 × 10−12 | 3.902 × 1011 | 5.716 × 10−16 | 341,081.84 | 76.06 |
D-3 | 0.000228 | 1.284 × 10−10 | 0.0275 | 4.668 × 10−9 | 2.159 × 10−12 | 4.632 × 1011 | 4.923 × 10−16 | 396,028.31 | 90.3 |
D-4 | 0.000225 | 1.091 × 10−10 | 0.0269 | 4.056 × 10−9 | 1.876 × 10−12 | 5.330 × 1011 | 4.222 × 10−16 | 461,832.23 | 103.91 |
D-5 | 0.000223 | 1.284 × 10−10 | 0.0278 | 4.617 × 10−9 | 2.136 × 10−12 | 4.682 × 1011 | 4.763 × 10−16 | 409,333.34 | 91.3 |
Mean | 0.000226 | 1.322 × 10−10 | 0.0275 | 4.803 × 10−9 | 2.222 × 10−12 | 4.551 × 1011 | 5.017 × 10−16 | 393,033.63 | 88.732 |
Wet cup test | |||||||||
D-6 | 0.000220 | 1.012 × 10−10 | 0.0275 | 3.368 × 10−9 | 1.009 × 10−11 | 9.909 × 10−10 | 2.220 × 10−15 | 87,878.64 | 19.33 |
D-7 | 0.000221 | 9.662 × 10−11 | 0.0269 | 3.592 × 10−9 | 9.847 × 10−12 | 1.016 × 1011 | 2.176 × 10−15 | 89,638.00 | 19.81 |
D-8 | 0.000225 | 9.202 × 10−11 | 0.0263 | 3.499 × 10−9 | 9.592 × 10−12 | 1.043 × 1011 | 2.158 × 10−15 | 90,400.00 | 20.34 |
D-9 | 0.000221 | 9.662 × 10−11 | 0.0278 | 3.476 × 10−9 | 9.528 × 10−12 | 1.050 × 1011 | 2.106 × 10−15 | 92,658.10 | 20.48 |
D-10 | 0.000222 | 8.742 × 10−11 | 0.0263 | 3.324 × 10−9 | 9.113 × 10−12 | 1.097 × 1011 | 2.023 × 10−15 | 96,454.65 | 21.41 |
Mean | 0.000222 | 9.478 × 10−11 | 0.0270 | 3.452 × 10−9 | 9.635 × 10−12 | 8.409 × 1010 | 2.137 × 10−15 | 91,405.88 | 20.274 |
Sample Tested at 23 °C 35% RH | Mean Thickness d (m) | Mass Change Rate/Time (G in kg/s) | Area m2 | Water Vapour Flux g = G/A in kg/(s·m2) | Water Vapour Permeance W = g/dp in kg/(s·m2·Pa) | Water Vapour Resistance Z = 1/W in (s·m2·Pa)/kg | Water Vapour Permeability δ = W × d in kg/(s·m·Pa) | Water Vapour Resistance Factor µ | Diffusion-Air Layer Thickness Sd |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dry cup test | |||||||||
E-1 | 0.00031 | 4.306 × 10−11 | 0.02780 | 1.549 × 10−9 | 1.724 × 10−12 | 5.800 × 1011 | 5.345 × 10−16 | 389,498.37 | 120.75 |
E-2 | 0.00029 | 4.037 × 10−11 | 0.02460 | 1.640 × 10−9 | 1.827 × 10−12 | 5.475 × 1011 | 5.297 × 10−16 | 368,056.99 | 106.74 |
E-3 | 0.00031 | 4.038 × 10−11 | 0.02840 | 1.424 × 10−9 | 1.584 × 10−12 | 6.312 × 10−11 | 4.960 × 10−16 | 393,081.26 | 123.03 |
Mean | 0.00030 | 4.127 × 10−11 | 0.02693 | 1.538 × 10−9 | 1.712 × 10−12 | 3.758 × 1011 | 5.201 × 10−16 | 383,545.54 | 116.84 |
Wet cup test | |||||||||
E-4 | 0.000335 | 9.802 × 10−11 | 0.0278 | 3.553 × 10−9 | 2.165 × 10−12 | 4.618 × 1011 | 7.26 × 10−16 | 268,715.42 | 90.04 |
E-5 | 0.000324 | 8.524 × 10−11 | 0.0269 | 3.169 × 10−9 | 1.946 × 10−12 | 5.139 × 1011 | 6.30 × 10−16 | 309,231.34 | 100.19 |
E-6 | 0.000301 | 8.524 × 10−11 | 0.0278 | 3.066 × 10−9 | 1.883 × 10−12 | 5.311 × 1011 | 5.67 × 10−16 | 344,000.60 | 103.54 |
Mean | 0.000320 | 8.950 × 10−11 | 0.0275 | 3.262 × 10−9 | 1.998 × 10−12 | 5.023 × 1011 | 6.41 × 10−16 | 307,315.79 | 97.92 |
Sample Tested at 23 °C 50% RH | Mean Thickness d (m) | Mass Change Rate/Time (G in kg/s) | Area m2 | Water Vapour Flux g = G/A in kg/(s·m2) | Water Vapour Permeance W = g/dp in kg/(s·m2·Pa) | Water Vapour Resistance Z = 1/W in (s·m2·Pa)/kg | Water Vapour Permeability δ = W × d in kg/(s·m·Pa) | Water Vapour Resistance Factor µ | Diffusion-Air Layer Thickness Sd |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dry cup test | |||||||||
E-1 | 0.00031 | 3.851 × 10−11 | 0.0278 | 1.385 × 10−9 | 1.050 × 10−12 | 9.526 × 1011 | 3.254 × 10−16 | 594,508.48 | 184.3 |
E-2 | 0.00029 | 4.630 × 10−11 | 0.0246 | 1.882 × 10−9 | 1.426 × 10−12 | 7.012 × 1011 | 4.136 × 10−16 | 467,726.01 | 135.64 |
E-3 | 0.00031 | 4.243 × 10−11 | 0.0284 | 1.494 × 10−9 | 1.132 × 10−12 | 8.832 × 1011 | 3.544 × 10−16 | 545,857.49 | 170.85 |
Mean | 0.00030 | 4.241 × 10−11 | 0.0269 | 1.587 × 10−9 | 1.203 × 10−12 | 8.457 × 1011 | 3.645 × 10−16 | 536,030.66 | 163.5966667 |
Wet cup test | |||||||||
E-4 | 0.00034 | 3.110 × 10−10 | 0.0278 | 1.119 × 10−8 | 9.267 × 10−12 | 1.079 × 1011 | 3.105 × 10−15 | 62,260.73 | 20.86 |
E-5 | 0.00032 | 2.534 × 10−10 | 0.0269 | 9.421 × 10−9 | 7.804 × 10−12 | 1.281 × 1011 | 2.528 × 10−15 | 74,814.43 | 24.24 |
E-6 | 0.00030 | 2.650 × 10−10 | 0.0278 | 9.531 × 10−9 | 7.894 × 10−12 | 1.267 × 1011 | 2.376 × 10−15 | 81,357.68 | 24.49 |
Mean | 0.00032 | 2.765 × 10−10 | 0.0275 | 1.005 × 10−8 | 8.322 × 10−12 | 1.209 × 1011 | 2.670 × 10−15 | 72,810.95 | 23.19666667 |
Sample Tested at 23 °C 65% RH | Mean Thickness d (m) | Mass Change Rate/Time (G in kg/s) | Area m2 | Water Vapour Flux g = G/A in kg/(s·m2) | Water Vapour Permeance W = g/dp in kg/(s·m2·Pa) | Water Vapour Resistance Z = 1/W in (s·m2·Pa)/kg | Water Vapour Permeability δ = W × d in kg/(s·m·Pa) | Water Vapour Resistance Factor µ | Diffusion-Air Layer Thickness Sd |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dry cup test | |||||||||
E-1 | 0.00031 | 9.181 × 10−11 | 0.0278 | 3.303 × 10−9 | 1.897 × 10−12 | 5.271 × 1011 | 5.881 × 10−16 | 332,157.95 | 102.97 |
E-2 | 0.00029 | 4.391 × 10−11 | 0.0246 | 1.784 × 10−9 | 1.025 × 10−12 | 9.757 × 1011 | 2.973 × 10−16 | 657,256.52 | 190.60 |
E-3 | 0.00031 | 5.588 × 10−11 | 0.0284 | 1.968 × 10−9 | 1.130 × 10−12 | 8.846 × 1011 | 3.538 × 10−16 | 552,166.05 | 172.83 |
Mean | 0.00030 | 6.387 × 10−11 | 0.0269 | 2.351 × 10−9 | 1.351 × 10−12 | 7.958 × 1011 | 4.131 × 10−16 | 513,860.17 | 155.47 |
Wet cup test | |||||||||
E-4 | 0.00034 | 1.357 × 10−10 | 0.0278 | 4.882 × 10−9 | 6.210 × 10−12 | 1.610 × 1011 | 2.080 × 10−15 | 93,864.25 | 40.19 |
E-5 | 0.00032 | 1.198 × 10−10 | 0.0269 | 4.452 × 10−9 | 5.663 × 10−12 | 1.766 × 1011 | 1.835 × 10−15 | 106,429.44 | 34.48 |
E-6 | 0.00030 | 1.836 × 10−10 | 0.0278 | 6.605 × 10−9 | 8.402 × 10−12 | 1.190 × 1011 | 2.529 × 10−15 | 77,196.40 | 23.24 |
Mean | 0.00032 | 1.464 × 10−10 | 0.0275 | 5.313 × 10−9 | 6.758 × 10−12 | 1.522 × 1011 | 2.148 × 10−15 | 92,496.70 | 32.64 |
Sample Tested at 23 °C 80% RH | Mean Thickness d (m) | Mass Change Rate/Time (G in kg/s) | Area m2 | Water Vapour Flux g = G/A in kg/(s·m2) | Water Vapour Permeance W = g/dp in kg/(s·m2·Pa) | Water Vapour Resistance Z = 1/W in (s·m2·Pa)/kg | Water Vapour Permeability δ = W × d in kg/(s·m·Pa) | Water Vapour Resistance Factor µ | Diffusion-Air Layer Thickness Sd |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dry cup test | |||||||||
E-1 | 0.00031 | 1.158 × 10−10 | 0.0278 | 4.164 × 10−9 | 1.926 × 10−12 | 5.191 × 1011 | 5.972 × 10−16 | 326,677.42 | 101.27 |
E-2 | 0.00029 | 9.710 × 10−11 | 0.0246 | 3.945 × 10−9 | 1.825 × 10−12 | 5.479 × 1011 | 5.293 × 10−16 | 368,603.69 | 106.90 |
E-3 | 0.00031 | 8.216 × 10−11 | 0.0284 | 2.893 × 10−9 | 1.338 × 10−12 | 7.473 × 1011 | 4.188 × 10−16 | 465,794.19 | 145.79 |
Mean | 0.00030 | 9.834 × 10−11 | 0.0269 | 3.667 × 10−9 | 1.697 × 10−12 | 6.048 × 1011 | 5.151 × 10−16 | 387,025.10 | 117.99 |
Wet cup test | |||||||||
E-4 | 0.00034 | 1.232 × 10−10 | 0.0278 | 4.433 × 10−9 | 1.215 × 10−11 | 8.233 × 1010 | 4.069 × 10−15 | 47,894.29 | 16.05 |
E-5 | 0.00032 | 1.083 × 10−10 | 0.0269 | 4.026 × 10−9 | 1.103 × 10−11 | 9.066 × 1010 | 3.574 × 10−15 | 54,534.09 | 17.67 |
E-6 | 0.00030 | 1.531 × 10−10 | 0.0278 | 5.508 × 10−9 | 1.509 × 10−11 | 6.627 × 1010 | 4.542 × 10−15 | 42,029.55 | 12.65 |
Mean | 0.00032 | 1.282 × 10−10 | 0.0275 | 4.656 × 10−9 | 1.276 × 10−11 | 7.975 × 1010 | 4.062 × 10−15 | 48,152.64 | 15.46 |
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Experimental Period | Temperature (°C) | Relative Humidity (Dry Side) (%) | Relative Humidity (Wet Side) (%) | Water Vapour Pressure Difference ΔP (Pa) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 dry test | 23 | 3 | 35 | 898 |
1 wet test | 23 | 35 | 93 | 1628 |
2 dry test | 23 | 3 | 50 | 1319.8 |
2 wet test | 23 | 50 | 93 | 1207.25 |
3 dry test | 23 | 3 | 65 | 1740.74 |
3 wet test | 23 | 65 | 93 | 786.12 |
4 dry test | 23 | 3 | 80 | 2161.83 |
4 wet test | 23 | 80 | 93 | 364.99 |
Method | Test Period 1 (35%) | Test Period 2 (50%) | Test Period 3 (65%) | Test Period 4 (80%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Material 1 (C) | ||||
Dry test | 1017.92 | 1018.04 | 1009.79 | 1010.85 |
Wet test | 1017.92 | 1018.04 | 1009.79 | 1026.31 |
Calculated water vapour permeability of air | 1.95 × 10−10 kg/(m. s. Pa) | 1.944× 10−10 kg/(m. s. Pa) | 1.96 × 10−10 kg/(m. s. Pa) | 1.9579 × 10−10 kg/(m. s. Pa) |
Material 2 (D) | ||||
Dry test | 1013.38 | 1023.31 | 1015.45 | 1017.85 |
Wet test | 1013.38 | 1023.31 | 1015.45 | 1017.85 |
Calculated water vapour permeability of air | 1.9533 × 10−10 kg/(m. s. Pa) | 1.933 × 10−10 kg/(m. s. Pa) | 1.9492 × 10−10 kg/(m. s. Pa) | 1.9492 × 10−10 kg/(m. s. Pa) |
Material 3 (E) | ||||
Dry test | 1017.92 | 1023.07 | 1013.06 | 1014.52 |
Wet test | 1017.92 | 1023.07 | 1013.06 | 1014.52 |
Calculated water vapour permeability of air | 1.950 × 10−10 kg/(m. s. Pa) | 1.9348 × 10−10 kg/(m. s. Pa) | 1.9539 × 10−10 kg/(m. s. Pa) | 1.9512 × 10−10 kg/(m. s. Pa) |
RH% | Dry Test Water Vapour Permeance kg/(s·m2·Pa) | Wet Test Water Vapour Permeance kg/(s·m2·Pa) | Dry Test Water Vapour Permeability kg/(s·m·Pa) | Wet Test Water Vapour Permeability kg/(s·m·Pa) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sample C | ||||
35 | 4.2 × 10−9 | 5.8 × 10−11 | 1.0 × 10−15 | 1.5 × 10−14 |
50 | 8.4 × 10−12 | 1.0 × 10−10 | 2.0 × 10−15 | 2.7 × 10−14 |
65 | 1.2 × 10−11 | 8.2 × 10−11 | 3.0 × 10−15 | 2.2 × 10−14 |
80 | 7.1 × 10−11 | 1.0 × 10−10 | 1.9 × 10−15 | 2.8 × 10−14 |
Sample D | ||||
35 | 3.95 × 10−12 | 7.32 × 10−12 | 8.79 × 10−16 | 1.62 × 10−15 |
50 | 6.15 × 10−12 | 4.17 × 10−12 | 1.39 × 10−15 | 9.23 × 10−16 |
65 | 3.25 × 10−12 | 3.94 × 10−12 | 7.35 × 10−16 | 8.73 × 10−16 |
80 | 2.22 × 10−12 | 9.63 × 10−12 | 5.02 × 10−16 | 2.14 × 10−15 |
Sample E | ||||
35 | 1.71 × 10−12 | 2.00 × 10−12 | 5.20 × 10−16 | 6.41 × 10−16 |
50 | 1.20 × 10−12 | 8.32 × 10−12 | 3.64 × 10−16 | 2.67 × 10−15 |
65 | 1.35 × 10−12 | 6.76 × 10−12 | 4.13 × 10−16 | 2.15 × 10−15 |
80 | 1.70 × 10−12 | 1.28 × 10−11 | 5.15 × 10−16 | 4.06 × 10−15 |
Temperature | Dry Side RH (%) | Wet Side RH (%) | Average RH (%) | Specimen C Resistance Factor (µ) | Specimen D Resistance Factor (µ) | Specimen E Resistance Factor (µ) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
23 | 3 | 35 | 19 | 189,398 | 222,099 | 383,221 |
23 | 3 | 50 | 26.5 | 94,895 | 139,160 | 530,781 |
23 | 3 | 65 | 34 | 64,499 | 265,273 | 472,951 |
23 | 3 | 80 | 41.5 | 10,005 | 388,586 | 378,743 |
23 | 35 | 93 | 64 | 13,043 | 120,265 | 304,191 |
23 | 50 | 93 | 71.5 | 7180 | 210,033 | 71,909 |
23 | 65 | 93 | 79 | 7640 | 223,063 | 90,899 |
23 | 80 | 93 | 81.5 | 6918 | 91,312 | 47,612 |
Temperature | Dry Side RH (%) | Wet Side RH (%) | Average RH (%) | Specimen C Sd (m) | Specimen D Sd (m) | Specimen E Sd (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
23 | 3 | 35 | 19 | 46.21 | 49.5 | 116.4 |
23 | 3 | 50 | 26.5 | 23.25 | 31.4 | 160.8 |
23 | 3 | 65 | 34 | 16.04 | 59.9 | 144.6 |
23 | 3 | 80 | 41.5 | 2.72 | 87.7 | 114.9 |
23 | 35 | 93 | 64 | 3.4 | 26.6 | 97.5 |
23 | 50 | 93 | 71.5 | 2.5 | 46.5 | 23.07 |
23 | 65 | 93 | 79 | 2.37 | 40.19 | 30.9 |
23 | 80 | 93 | 81.5 | 1.98 | 20.3 | 15.2 |
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Olaoye, T.S.; Dewsbury, M.; Künzel, H. Laboratory Measurement and Boundary Conditions for the Water Vapour Resistivity Properties of Typical Australian Impermeable and Smart Pliable Membranes. Buildings 2021, 11, 509. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11110509
Olaoye TS, Dewsbury M, Künzel H. Laboratory Measurement and Boundary Conditions for the Water Vapour Resistivity Properties of Typical Australian Impermeable and Smart Pliable Membranes. Buildings. 2021; 11(11):509. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11110509
Chicago/Turabian StyleOlaoye, Toba Samuel, Mark Dewsbury, and Hartwig Künzel. 2021. "Laboratory Measurement and Boundary Conditions for the Water Vapour Resistivity Properties of Typical Australian Impermeable and Smart Pliable Membranes" Buildings 11, no. 11: 509. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11110509
APA StyleOlaoye, T. S., Dewsbury, M., & Künzel, H. (2021). Laboratory Measurement and Boundary Conditions for the Water Vapour Resistivity Properties of Typical Australian Impermeable and Smart Pliable Membranes. Buildings, 11(11), 509. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11110509