Effect of Post-Weld Heat Treatment on the Fatigue Behavior of Medium-Strength Carbon Steel Weldments
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Effect of PWHT on Mechanical Properties
2.2. Effect of PWHT on Fatigue Behavior
2.2.1. Hardness Measurement
2.2.2. Specimen Tensile Test
2.2.3. Specimen Fatigue Test
2.3. Fatigue Test of Members
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of PWHT on the Mechanical Properties
3.1.1. Tensile Test
3.1.2. Microstructure and Hardness
3.1.3. Charpy Impact Characteristics
3.2. Fatigue Characteristics of Specimens
3.2.1. Microstructure and Hardness
3.2.2. Tensile Test Results
3.2.3. Specimen Fatigue Test Results
3.2.4. Residual Stress Measurement by the Contour Method
3.2.5. Fatigue Test Results of Members
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- When the base metal, HAZ, and weld metal were annealed at 590 °C and 800 °C for 1 h, the yield and tensile strength decreased but the elongation increased. When annealed at 800 °C for 1 h, the tensile curves of the base metal, HAZ, and weld metal showed almost similar behavior. That explained the almost constant hardness values and homogenization of the materials. For specimens not heat-treated, the parent material’s yield strength, the yield strength in HAZ, and the yield strength of the weld metal were 350 MPa, 345 MPa, and 340 MPa. For specimens heat-treated at 590 °C, they were 350 MPa, 345 MPa, and 340 MPa. For specimens heat-treated at 800 °C, they were 350 MPa, 345 MPa, and 340 MPa.
- (2)
- In the base material, PWHT at 800 °C slightly increased the Charpy impact absorption energy. But PWHT at 590 °C slightly lowered the impact resistance. The shock absorption energy of the weld metal was significantly lower than that of the base metal. And it did not increase much by heat treatment. For specimens not heat-treated, the Charpy impact absorption energies at 20 °C of the parent material and weld metal were 291.5 J and 187 J. For specimens heat-treated at 590 °C, they were 276 J and 166 J. For specimens heat-treated at 800 °C, the Charpy impact absorption energy at 20 °C of the parent material was 299 J.
- (3)
- PWHT had a slight effect on the fatigue strength of the base metal and slightly improved the fatigue strength of the butt-welded specimen. In the case of a specimen ground in the toe part and not heat-treated, the compressive residual stress occurred near the surface, and the fatigue strength slightly improved. However, when heat treated, the beneficial effect of the compressive residual stress disappeared, and the local damage caused by grinding lowered the fatigue strength.
- (4)
- The fatigue limit of the full-scale beam annealed at 590 °C was 10.8% lower than that of the as-welded beam. These results show the possibility of fabricating a bogie frame that does not require PWHT. Vertical and horizontal gussets welded to as-welded beams decreased the fatigue limits by 30.9% and 56%, respectively.
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Parent Material as Welded | Parent Material Heat Treated at 590 °C | Parent Material Heat Treated at 800 °C | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Specimen | No. 1 | No. 2 | No. 3 | No. 1 | No. 2 | No. 3 | No. 1 | No. 2 | No. 3 |
(MPa) | 364 | 363 | 366 | 356 | 355 | 354 | 310 | 323 | 322 |
(MPa) | 522 | 524 | 524 | 509 | 506 | 511 | 475 | 479 | 482 |
(%) | 24.0 | 23.9 | 23.4 | 26.8 | 24.3 | 28.7 | 26.2 | 26.6 | 25.2 |
Item | HAZ as Welded | HAZ Heat Treated at 590 °C | HAZ Heat Treated at 800 °C | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Specimen | No. 1 | No. 2 | No. 3 | No. 1 | No. 2 | No. 3 | No. 1 | No. 2 | No. 3 |
(MPa) | 366 | 366 | 359 | 327 | 335 | 332 | 310 | 314 | 305 |
(MPa) | 529 | 521 | 522 | 506 | 511 | 510 | 478 | 480 | 478 |
(%) | 25.1 | 16.8 | 13.3 | 24.8 | 24.8 | 26.3 | 19.8 | 24.8 | 19.9 |
Item | Weld Metal as Welded | Weld Metal Heat Treated at 590 °C | Weld Metal Heat Treated at 800 °C | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Specimen | No. 1 | No. 2 | No. 3 | No. 1 | No. 2 | No. 3 | No. 1 | No. 2 | No. 3 |
(MPa) | 442 | 449 | 448 | 385 | 413 | 393 | 327 | 329 | 327 |
(MPa) | 549 | 557 | 568 | 520 | 549 | 535 | 483 | 486 | 481 |
(%) | 13.1 | 11.3 | 19.0 | 15.9 | 21.3 | 21.9 | 28.9 | 26.4 | 19.7 |
Hardness Value (Hv) | Parent Material | HAZ | Weld Metal |
---|---|---|---|
As-welded | 170.0 | 193.3 | 192.0 |
Heat treated at 590 °C | 143.1 | 180.7 | 196.9 |
Heat treated at 800 °C | 139.8 | 150.1 | 175.2 |
Specimen | a | b | Fatigue Strength at 2 × 106 Cycles (MPa) | R2 (Coefficient of Determination) |
---|---|---|---|---|
BMN | −0.10848 | 2.83143 | 140.5 | 0.99 |
BMY | −0.0940 | 2.74645 | 142.6 | 0.91 |
AAN | −0.23124 | 3.35092 | 78.3 | 0.91 |
AAY | −0.1734 | 3.04473 | 89.5 | 0.97 |
GAN | −0.22232 | 3.31668 | 82.3 | 0.89 |
GAY | −0.21682 | 3.26416 | 79.1 | 0.88 |
Specimen | a | b | Fatigue Strength at 2 × 106 Cycles (MPa) | R2 (Coefficient of Determination) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Box beam, non PWHT | 0.29716 | 3.74015 | 73.7 | 0.98 |
Box beam, PWHT | 0.31092 | 3.77661 | 65.7 | 0.99 |
Box beam V, non PWHT | 0.28614 | 3.50966 | 50.9 | 0.98 |
Box beam H, non PWHT | 0.33162 | 3.59949 | 32.4 | 0.99 |
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Goo, B.-C. Effect of Post-Weld Heat Treatment on the Fatigue Behavior of Medium-Strength Carbon Steel Weldments. Metals 2021, 11, 1700. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11111700
Goo B-C. Effect of Post-Weld Heat Treatment on the Fatigue Behavior of Medium-Strength Carbon Steel Weldments. Metals. 2021; 11(11):1700. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11111700
Chicago/Turabian StyleGoo, Byeong-Choon. 2021. "Effect of Post-Weld Heat Treatment on the Fatigue Behavior of Medium-Strength Carbon Steel Weldments" Metals 11, no. 11: 1700. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11111700