The Relevance of Gender in Tumor-Influencing Epigenetic Traits
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Gender, DNA Methylation and Cancer
2.1. Hormonal Influences, Microsatellite Instability (MSI) and Chromosomal Instability
2.2. RASSF1 and MGMT and Further Differentially Methylated Genes (DMGs)
3. DNA Methylation as Prognostic Marker
4. Epigenetic Mechanisms as Drug Targets
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
List of Abbreviations
AR | Androgen receptor |
BC | Breast cancer |
CGI | CpG island |
CIMP | CpG island methylator phenotype |
CpG | Cytosine-phosphate-guanine |
CRC | Colorectal cancer |
DMR | Differentially methylated regions |
DNMT | DNA methyltransferase |
DSS | Disease specific survival |
EGFR | Epidermal growth factor receptor |
ER | Estrogen Receptor |
FBC | Female breast cancer |
GC | Gastric cancer |
HCC | Hepatocellular carcinoma |
HNC | Head and neck cancer |
I-PASS | Iressa Ran Asia Study |
LC | Lung cancer |
LINE-1 | Ling interspersed nuclear elements-1 |
MBC | Male breast cancer |
NSCLC | Non-small cell lung cancer |
PR | Progesterone receptor |
RRBS | Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing |
RRR | Ratio of relative risk |
SCC | Squamous cell carcinoma |
TKI | Tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
TSG | Tumor suppressor gene |
AHRR | aryl-hydrocarbon receptor repressor |
ALPPL2 | alkaline phosphatase |
ANK1 | ankyrin 1 |
ANK1B | ankyrin 1, erythrocytic b |
APC | APC, WNT signaling pathway regulator |
AR | Androgen receptor |
BDNF | brain derived neurotrophic factor |
BRAF | B-Raf proto-oncogene |
BRCA1 | breast cancer 1 |
BRCA2 | breast cancer 2 |
CDH1 | cadherin 1 |
CDH11 | cadherin 11 |
CDH13 | cadherin 13 |
CDKN2A | cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A |
CLDN11 | claudin 11 |
COL1A2 | collagen type I alpha 2 chain |
CXorf38 | chromosome X open reading frame 38 |
CYP1A1 | cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1 |
CYP27B1 | cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily B member 1 |
DAPK | death associated protein kinase |
DNMT | DNA methyltransferase |
EGFR | Epidermal growth factor receptor |
EML-ALK4 | echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like-anaplastic lymphoma kinase |
ER | Estrogen Receptor |
ESR1 | estrogen receptor 1 |
F2RL3 | F2R like thrombin or trypsin receptor 3 |
FHIT | fragile histidine triad |
GATA5 | GATA binding protein 5 |
GFI1 | growth factor independent 1 transcriptional represso |
GSTM1 | glutathione S-transferase mu 1 |
GSTP1 | glutathione S-transferase pi 1 |
GSTT1 | glutathione S-transferase theta 1 |
HACE 1 | HECT domain and ankyrin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 |
hMLH1 | mutL homolog 1 |
HOXA11 | homeobox A11 |
HOXA9 | homeobox A9 |
IER3 | immediate early response 3 |
KCNH8 | potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 8 |
KRAS | KRAS proto-oncogene |
L1TD1 | LINE1 type transposase domain containing 1 |
LGALS4 | galectin 4 |
LOX | ysyl oxidase |
MAPK13 | mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 |
MDM2 | MDM2 proto-oncogene |
MGMT | O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase |
MT1 | metallothionein 1A |
MT2 | metallothionein 2 |
MTHFD2 | methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 2 |
MYO1G | myosin IG |
p14ARF | alternate reading frame protein product of the CDKN2A locus |
p16INK4a | cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A |
PAX6 | paired box 6 |
PR | Progesterone receptor |
PTEN | phosphatase and tensin homolog |
RARß | retinoic acid receptor beta |
RASSF1 | Ras association domain family member 1 |
RNF | ring finger protein |
SPAG6 | sperm associated antigen 6 |
SYK | spleen associated tyrosine kinase |
THBS1 | thrombospondin 1 |
TIMP3 | TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 3 |
TLL2 | tolloid like 2 |
TNFSF10D | Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 10d |
TP53 | tumor protein p53 |
TUBB3 | tubulin beta 3 class III |
TUBB6 | tubulin, beta 6 class V |
ZAR1 | zygote arrest 1 |
ZNF385D | zinc finger protein 385D |
ZNF677 | zinc finger protein 677 |
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Gene | Cancers | Reported Gender Difference |
---|---|---|
ANK1 | Pancreatic cancer [166], lung cancer (LC) [142] | |
APC | Melanoma [167], Nasopharyngeal carcinoma [168], LC [65] | |
CDH1 | Breast cancer (BC) [169], Cervical cancer [127], Head and neck cancer (HNC) [125], LC [65], Oral cancer [170], GC [162] | GC [162] |
CDH11 | Melanoma [171] | |
CDH13 | BC [143], CRC [172], LC [65], Melanoma [167], Prostate Cancer [173] | LC [174] |
CLDN11 | Melanoma [171] | |
COL1A2 | Melanoma [171] | |
DAPK | Cervical cancer [127], HNC [125], LC [130], Nasopharyngeal carcinoma [168], Prostate Cancer [173], Gastric cancer (GC) [162] | GC [162] |
EGFR | BC [175], LC [176] | |
ERα | LC [81] | LC [81] |
ESR1 | LC [174] | LC [174] |
FHIT | BC [141], Cervical cancer [177], Liver cancer [178], LC [141] | |
GATA5 | LC [174] | LC [174] |
GSTP1 | GC [115] | GC [115] |
HACE1 | GC [160] | GC [160] |
hMLH1 | BC [169], LC [179], Colorectal cancer (CRC) [88] GC [115] | CRC [88], GC [115] |
HOXA11 | GC [161] | GC [161] |
HOXA9 | Melanoma [171] | |
KCNH8 | LC [180] | LC [180] |
L1TD1 | LC [133] | |
LOX | Melanoma [171] | |
MAPK13 | Melanoma [171] | |
MGMT | CRC [112], LC [37], GC [115] | LC [37], GC [115] |
MGMT | LC [37], Glioblastoma [181] | LC [37], CRC [114] |
p14(ARF) | CRC [89] | CRC [88] |
p16INK4a | BC [169], Cervical cancer [127], HNC [125], LC [65], Melanoma [167], Prostate Cancer [173] | CRC [148], HCC [164,165] |
PAX6 | LC [174] | LC [174] |
PTEN | Melanoma [171] | |
RARß | LC [65], Melanoma [167], Oral cancer [170], Prostate cancer [126] | LC [180] |
RASSF1 | BC [169], Endometrial cancer [182], LC [65], Melanoma [167], Nasopharyngeal carcinoma [168], Oral cancer [170], Prostate Cancer [173], CRC [112] | CRC [112], LC [111], BC [103] |
RNF | LC [183] | |
SPAG6 | LC [133] | |
SYK | Melanoma [171] | |
THBS1 | GC [162] | GC [162] |
TIMP3 | GC [162] | GC [162] |
TNFSF10D | Melanoma [171] | |
ZAR1 | Bladder cancer [184], Cervical cancer [185], LC [144] | |
ZNF677 | LC [134] |
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Sarne, V.; Braunmueller, S.; Rakob, L.; Seeboeck, R. The Relevance of Gender in Tumor-Influencing Epigenetic Traits. Epigenomes 2019, 3, 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/epigenomes3010006
Sarne V, Braunmueller S, Rakob L, Seeboeck R. The Relevance of Gender in Tumor-Influencing Epigenetic Traits. Epigenomes. 2019; 3(1):6. https://doi.org/10.3390/epigenomes3010006
Chicago/Turabian StyleSarne, Victoria, Sandrina Braunmueller, Lisa Rakob, and Rita Seeboeck. 2019. "The Relevance of Gender in Tumor-Influencing Epigenetic Traits" Epigenomes 3, no. 1: 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/epigenomes3010006