Tribological, Oxidation and Thermal Analysis of Advanced Microwave–Hydrothermal Synthesised Ti3C2Tx MXene as Additives in Outboard Engine Oil

Zaharin, Haizum Aimi; Ghazali, Mariyam Jameelah; Khalid, Mohammad; Nagarajan, Thachnatharen; Pin, Wong Weng; Ezzah, Farah; Gerard, Ong; Walvekar, Rashmi; Rasheed, Abdul Khaliq

doi:10.3390/lubricants11060264

Open AccessArticle

Tribological, Oxidation and Thermal Analysis of Advanced Microwave–Hydrothermal Synthesised Ti₃C₂T_x MXene as Additives in Outboard Engine Oil

by

Haizum Aimi Zaharin

^1,*

,

Mariyam Jameelah Ghazali

^1,*,

Mohammad Khalid

^2,3,4,5,*

,

Thachnatharen Nagarajan

⁶,

Wong Weng Pin

²,

Farah Ezzah

⁷,

Ong Gerard

⁸,

Rashmi Walvekar

⁹ and

Abdul Khaliq Rasheed

¹⁰

¹

Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia

²

Graphene and Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia

³

Sunway Materials Smart Science and Engineering (SMS2E) Research Cluster, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia

⁴

School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India

⁵

Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India

⁶

Faculty of Defence Science and Technology, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia

⁷

Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia

⁸

Centre for Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia

⁹

Department Chemical Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Bandar Sunsuria, Sepang 43900, Malaysia

¹⁰

Department of New Energy Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ximen University Malaysia (XMUM), Sepang 43900, Malaysia

^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Lubricants 2023, 11(6), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11060264

Submission received: 30 May 2023 / Revised: 14 June 2023 / Accepted: 15 June 2023 / Published: 16 June 2023

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Boundary Lubrication)

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Abstract

In today’s fast, globalised world, lubrication has become essential in enhancing engine efficiency, including in the marine sector. While the number of fishing vessels increased, so did the environmental pollution issues, due to inefficient engines. An outboard engine oil’s tribological, oxidation and thermal conductivity behaviour play a crucial role in improving the quality of an outboard engine’s life. In this research, Ti₃C₂T_x MXene nanoparticles with different interlayer spacing were synthesised via an advanced microwave–hydrothermal approach. Later, the nanoparticles were dispersed in TC-W outboard engine oil to formulate the Ti₃C₂T_x MXene nanolubricant with different concentrations. The results show that nanolubricant with a 0.01 wt.% Ti₃C₂T_x MXene concentration with higher interlayer spacing reduced the coefficient of friction, and the average wear scar diameter by 14.5% and 6.3%, respectively, compared to the base oil. Furthermore, the nanolubricant with a 0.01 wt.% concentration of the Ti₃C₂T_x MXene nanoparticle showed an improvement of 54.8% in oxidation induction time compared to the base oil. In addition, MXene nanolubricant established a more than 50% improvement in thermal conductivity compared to the base oil.

Keywords: MXene; tribology; nanolubricant; oxidation; thermal conductivity

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MDPI and ACS Style

Zaharin, H.A.; Ghazali, M.J.; Khalid, M.; Nagarajan, T.; Pin, W.W.; Ezzah, F.; Gerard, O.; Walvekar, R.; Rasheed, A.K. Tribological, Oxidation and Thermal Analysis of Advanced Microwave–Hydrothermal Synthesised Ti₃C₂T_x MXene as Additives in Outboard Engine Oil. Lubricants 2023, 11, 264. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11060264

AMA Style

Zaharin HA, Ghazali MJ, Khalid M, Nagarajan T, Pin WW, Ezzah F, Gerard O, Walvekar R, Rasheed AK. Tribological, Oxidation and Thermal Analysis of Advanced Microwave–Hydrothermal Synthesised Ti₃C₂T_x MXene as Additives in Outboard Engine Oil. Lubricants. 2023; 11(6):264. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11060264

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zaharin, Haizum Aimi, Mariyam Jameelah Ghazali, Mohammad Khalid, Thachnatharen Nagarajan, Wong Weng Pin, Farah Ezzah, Ong Gerard, Rashmi Walvekar, and Abdul Khaliq Rasheed. 2023. "Tribological, Oxidation and Thermal Analysis of Advanced Microwave–Hydrothermal Synthesised Ti₃C₂T_x MXene as Additives in Outboard Engine Oil" Lubricants 11, no. 6: 264. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11060264

APA Style

Zaharin, H. A., Ghazali, M. J., Khalid, M., Nagarajan, T., Pin, W. W., Ezzah, F., Gerard, O., Walvekar, R., & Rasheed, A. K. (2023). Tribological, Oxidation and Thermal Analysis of Advanced Microwave–Hydrothermal Synthesised Ti₃C₂T_x MXene as Additives in Outboard Engine Oil. Lubricants, 11(6), 264. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11060264

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Tribological, Oxidation and Thermal Analysis of Advanced Microwave–Hydrothermal Synthesised Ti₃C₂T_x MXene as Additives in Outboard Engine Oil

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