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Article

Phlogacanthus pulcherrimus Leaf Extract as a Functional Feed Additive: Influences on Growth Indices, Bacterial Challenge Survival, and Expression of Immune-, Growth-, and Antioxidant-Related Genes in Labeo chrysophekadion (Bleeker, 1849)

by
Sontaya Sookying
1,
Panitnart Auputinan
2,
Dutrudi Panprommin
3 and
Paiboon Panase
3,4,*
1
Division of Pharmacy and Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Care, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Mueang, Phayao 56000, Thailand
2
Division of Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Phayao, Mueang, Phayao 56000, Thailand
3
Division of Fisheries, School of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Phayao, Mueang, Phayao 56000, Thailand
4
Unit of Excellence “Physiology and Sustainable Production of Terrestrial and Aquatic Animals”, Division of Fisheries, School of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Phayao, Mueang, Phayao 56000, Thailand
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Life 2025, 15(8), 1220; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081220
Submission received: 12 June 2025 / Revised: 23 July 2025 / Accepted: 29 July 2025 / Published: 1 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition–Physiology Interactions in Aquatic Species)
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Abstract

This research examined the impact of dietary supplementation with Phlogacanthus pulcherrimus extract (PPE) on the growth, disease resistance, and expression of immune-, growth-, and antioxidant-related genes in Labeo chrysophekadion. Over 150 days, 90 fish from each group were fed diets with 0 (control), 0.25, 0.50, or 0.75 g/kg of PPE. Phytochemical analysis revealed phenolics (96.00 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (17.55 mg QE/g), anthraquinones, and triterpenoids, along with moderate antioxidant activity (IC50 = 1314.08 μg/mL). One-way ANOVA of growth indices, including weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and survival rate, revealed no significant differences (p > 0.05); however, PPE supplementation significantly enhanced immune and antioxidant gene expression. IL-1β was significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated at all doses, with the highest expression observed at 0.50 g/kg, showing a fivefold increase compared to the control. In addition, the highest relative expressions of IGF-1 and CAT were found at 0.75 g/kg, with 4.5-fold and 3.5-fold increases compared to the control, respectively. PPE at 0.75 g/kg decreased the cumulative mortality rate (CMR) by 20% compared to the control group, which had a CMR of 50% following exposure to Aeromonas hydrophila. PPE acted as an effective immunostimulant and antioxidant, supporting reduced antibiotic reliance in aquaculture.
Keywords: gene expression; growth performance; immunity; Labeo chrysophekadion; Phlogacanthus pulcherrimus extract; phytochemical composition gene expression; growth performance; immunity; Labeo chrysophekadion; Phlogacanthus pulcherrimus extract; phytochemical composition

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MDPI and ACS Style

Sookying, S.; Auputinan, P.; Panprommin, D.; Panase, P. Phlogacanthus pulcherrimus Leaf Extract as a Functional Feed Additive: Influences on Growth Indices, Bacterial Challenge Survival, and Expression of Immune-, Growth-, and Antioxidant-Related Genes in Labeo chrysophekadion (Bleeker, 1849). Life 2025, 15, 1220. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081220

AMA Style

Sookying S, Auputinan P, Panprommin D, Panase P. Phlogacanthus pulcherrimus Leaf Extract as a Functional Feed Additive: Influences on Growth Indices, Bacterial Challenge Survival, and Expression of Immune-, Growth-, and Antioxidant-Related Genes in Labeo chrysophekadion (Bleeker, 1849). Life. 2025; 15(8):1220. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081220

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sookying, Sontaya, Panitnart Auputinan, Dutrudi Panprommin, and Paiboon Panase. 2025. "Phlogacanthus pulcherrimus Leaf Extract as a Functional Feed Additive: Influences on Growth Indices, Bacterial Challenge Survival, and Expression of Immune-, Growth-, and Antioxidant-Related Genes in Labeo chrysophekadion (Bleeker, 1849)" Life 15, no. 8: 1220. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081220

APA Style

Sookying, S., Auputinan, P., Panprommin, D., & Panase, P. (2025). Phlogacanthus pulcherrimus Leaf Extract as a Functional Feed Additive: Influences on Growth Indices, Bacterial Challenge Survival, and Expression of Immune-, Growth-, and Antioxidant-Related Genes in Labeo chrysophekadion (Bleeker, 1849). Life, 15(8), 1220. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081220

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