Oligodendroglial Epigenetics, from Lineage Specification to Activity-Dependent Myelination
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Epigenetic Modifications Involved in Chromatin Accessibility and the Regulation of Gene Expression
2.1. DNA Methylation and Hydroxymethylation
2.2. Histone Post-Translational Modifications
2.3. Chromatin Remodeling
2.4. 3D Chromatin Organization with Nuclear Lamina
2.5. Post-Transcriptional Modifications
3. Epigenetic Marks with Roles in Oligodendroglial Cell Lineage
3.1. DNA Methylation Waves in NSC Differentiation to OPCs
3.2. Histone Modifications
3.2.1. Repression of Lineage-Specific Genes in NSCs by Histone Methylation
3.2.2. Histone Acetylation and Deacetylation Regulate the Lineage Specification
3.3. Chromatin Reorganization during the Differentiation from NSCs to OPCs
3.4. Post-Transcriptional Modifications
4. Epigenetic Marks Maintain an Oligodendroglial Progenitor Cell Pool
4.1. Apoptosis vs. Survival
4.2. Cell Cycle and Proliferation
5. Epigenetic Marks Regulate the Oligodendroglial Progenitor Cell Differentiation into Mature Oligodendrocytes
5.1. Global DNA Demethylation Is Associated with OPC Differentiation
5.2. Chromatin Modifications Are Involved in OPC Differentiation
5.2.1. Chromatin Reorganization Allows for the Accessibility of Differentiation Gene in OPCs
5.2.2. Repressive Marks Regulate the Transition from OPC Proliferation to Differentiation
5.3. Post-Transcriptional Modifications that Are Essential for OPC Differentiation
6. Epigenetic Marks Modulate Myelination and Myelin Remodeling
7. Epigenetic Changes Translate Environmental Cues into Intrinsic Signals in Oligodendroglial Cells
7.1. Chemical and Physical Cues
7.2. Neuronal Activity
7.2.1. Oligodendrocytes Respond to Neuronal Activity
7.2.2. Activity-Dependent Epigenetic Modifications in the CNS
7.2.3. Activity-Dependent Epigenetic Modifications in Oligodendrocytes
7.2.4. Activity-Dependent Epigenetic Modifications in Other Cell Types
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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DNA Modification | Enzyme/Mark | Role | Targeted Genes or Functions | Model | Methods | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DNA methylation | Negative role in NSCs differentiation to glia | Repression of astrogliogenesis (Stat3 binding element in Gfap promoter) | In vitro neuroepithelial cells | BS PCR on neuroepithelial cells | Takizawa et al. [84] | |
DNMT1 | Negative role in NPCs differentiation to glia | Control of the timing of astrogliogenesis by repression of astrocyte-specific genes (Gfap, Stat1) | Nestin-cre;Dnmt1flox NPCs | BS PCR on Nestin-cre;Dnmt1flox NPCs | Fan et al. [85] | |
Positive role in NSCs differentiation to glia | Repression of neuron-specific genes (Dlx1, Dlx2, Trb1) | Sox2-EGFP mice | WGBS on NS/PCs from Sox2-EGFP transgenic mice | Sanosaka et al. [86] | ||
DNMT1 | Positive role in NSCs specification to OPCs | Repression of neuron-specific (Ndrg4, Camk1, Ephb2) and astrocyte-specific (Aldh1l1, Pax6, Rfx4) genes | Olig1cre;Dnmt1flox mice | RNA-Seq and ERRBS on sorted neonatal OPCs and OLs, RNA-Seq on sorted Olig1cre;Dnmt1flox OPCs | Moyon et al. [87] | |
DNA demethylation | Positive role in ESCs transition to NSCs | Activation of transcription factors (Sox2, Sox21, Ascl1) | Sox2-EGFP mice | WGBS on NS/PCs from Sox2-EGFP transgenic mice | Sanosaka et al. [86] | |
Positive role in NSCs differentiation to glia | Activation of gliogenic promoters (NFI, Tcf3, Gfap, Kcnj10, Sox8) | |||||
Activation of gliogenic promoters (Stat3 binding site in Gfap promoter, Aldoc) | In vitro NPCs and astrocytes from mice | MIAMI and BS on NPCs and astrocytes | Hatada et al. [88] | |||
DNA hydroxymethylation | TET1 | Positive role in NSCs differentiation to OPCs | Activation of OL genes (Olig1, Sox10, Id2/4) | Olig1cre;Tet1flox mice | hMeDIP-Seq on in vitro neonatal NSCs and OPCs, RNA-Seq on in vitro Olig1cre;Tet1flox OPCs | Zhang et al. [89] |
Histone Modification | Enzyme/Mark | Role | Targeted Genes or Functions | Model | Methods | References |
Histone methylation | PRC2 (EZH2) (H3K27me3) | Positive role in NSCs differentiation to OPCs | In vitro primary cultures + Olineu + Ezh2 expression vector/shRNA | Sher et al. [90] | ||
Repression of neuronal (NeuroD2, Tlx3), astrocytic (Tal1), OL (Olig2, Pdgfra, Nkx2.2) genes | In vitro NSCs and OPCs + shRNA | ChIP-Seq on in vitro NSCs and OLs | Sher et al. [91] | |||
PRC2 (EED) (H3K27me3) | Positive role in astrocyte–OPC fate switch | Olig1cre;Eedflox and PdgfracreRT;Eedflox mice | Wang et al. [92] | |||
H3K27me3 | Positive role in NSCs differentiation to OPCs | Repression of global lineage alternative choice | In vitro OPCs; Cnp-EGFP mice | ChIP-Seq on in vitro OPCs and OLs (H3K27me3) | Liu et al. [93] | |
PRMT1 | Positive role in NSCs differentiation to OPCs | Nestin-cre;Prmt1flox mice | Hashimoto et al. [94] | |||
Histone (de)acetylation | CBP (H3K9/K14ac) | Positive role in NSCs differentiation | Sequential activation of promoters of neuronal (Tuba1a), astrocytes (Gfap), OL (Mbp) | In vitro cortical precursors + siRNA/inhibitors; cbp+/− mice | ChIP-qPCR on cbp+/− cortices | Wang et al. [95] |
HDACs | Positive role in oligodendrogenesis | In vivo HDAC inhibition in rats | Liu et al. [96] | |||
HDAC1/HDAC2 | Positive role in Shh-induced oligodendrogenesis | Repression of genes associated with Notch signaling (Hey1, Hey2) and Wnt signaling (Tbx3) | In vitro OPCs, Olineu cells + shRNA/inhibitors | ChIP on in vitro Olineu and GeneChip on in vitro OPCs | Wu et al. [97] | |
HDAC2 (H3K9deac) | Negative role in NSCs differentiation to OPCs | Repression of oligodendroglial differentiation genes (Sox10) in the presence of thyroid hormone | In vitro NSCs, Olineu, OPCs + siRNA/inhibitors | ChIP-Seq on in vitro NSCs | Castelo-Branco et al. [98] | |
HDAC3 | Positive role in astrocyte–OL fate switch | Activation of enhancers of OPC genes (Olig2, Ng2) and repression of astrogliogeneis genes (Stat3) and neuronal genes (Bdnf) | In vitro astrocytes and OPCs + inhibitors/expression vectors; Olig1Cre;Hdac3flox, PDGFRaCreERT2;Hdac3flox; Syn1Cre;Hdac3flox mice | ChIP-Seq on in vitro OPCs and OL; RNA-Seq on optic nerves from Olig1cre;Hdac3flox mice | Zhang et al. [99] | |
SIRT1 (H3K9deac) | Negative role in NSCs differentiation to OPCs | Repression of differentiation to OPCs (deacetylation at the Pdgfrα promoter) | In vitro OPCs, NS/PCs + inhibitors; NestinCre;Sirt1flox mice | ChIP-qPCR on in vitro NS/PCs | Rafalski et al. [100] | |
Chromatin Organization | Enzyme/Mark | Role | Targeted Genes or Functions | Model | Methods | References |
Chromatin remodelers | HMGA1, 2 | Negative role in NPCs differentiation to glia | Repression of astrogenic transition | In vitro and in vivo NPCs + shRNA/overexpression | Kishi et al. [101] | |
HMGB1, 2, 3, 4 | Dynamically expressed in NSCs | In vitro NSCs, Nestin-GFP mice, HMGB2−/− mice | IHC, qPCR, shotgun proteomics on in vitro NSCs | Abraham et al. [102] | ||
HMGB2 | Possible role in NSCs proliferation and maintenance | In vitro NSCs, Nestin-GFP mice, HMGB2−/− mice | IHC, qPCR, shotgun proteomics on in vitro NSCs | Abraham et al. [102] | ||
Role in neuron–glia fate switch | In vitro NS/PCs, HMGB2−/− mice | Bronstein et al. [103] | ||||
HMGB4 | Negative role in NSCs differentiation to OPCs | Regulation of neuronal, astrocyte, oligodendrocyte genes (Fabp7, NeuroD1, Gfap, Ppp1r14a) | In vitro neurons, neurospheres and various cell lines + lentivirus; HMGB4 Vivo-Morpholinos | Microarray on HMGB4-EGFP over-expressing HEK 293T cells | Rouhiainen et al. [104] | |
HMGN family | Positive role in neuron–glia fate switch | Modulation of the response to gliogenic signals | In vitro NPCs + shRNA/overexpression | qPCR, IHC, BS and microarray on in vitro NPCs | Nagao et al. [105] | |
BRG1 | Positive role in NSCs maintenance and gliogenesis | Repression of neuronal differentiation in NSCs | In vitro NSCs, NestinCre;Brg1flox mice | IHC; DNA microarray on CNS tissues of NestinCre;Brg1flox mice | Matsumoto et al. [106] | |
Positive role in NSCs differentiation to neurons | Activation of neuronal genes (Ngn and NeuroD) | In vitro pluriopotent P19 cells + plasmids, Xenopus + Brg1 morpholino | IHC | Seo at al. [107] | ||
Limited role in NSCs | zebrafish + Brg1 morpholino | IHC, ISH | Gregg et al. [108] | |||
Post-Transcriptional Modification | Enzyme/Mark | Role | Targeted Genes or Functions | Model | Methods | References |
Long non-coding RNA | lnc-158 | Positive role in NSCs differentiation to OPCs | Activation of OL genes (Cnp, Mbp, Mag, Osp) | In vitro NSCs + lnc-158 overexpression and siRNA | Li et al. [109] | |
lnc-OPC | Positive role in NSCs differentiation to OPCs | Activation of OL genes (Mbp, Plp1, Cnp) | NSCs + shRNA | ChIP-Seq and RNA-Seq on in vitro NSCs | Dong et al. [110] | |
Neat1 | Positive role in NSCs differentiation to OPCs | Activation of OL genes (Olig1, Olig2, Gpr17, Sox8) | Neat1−/− mice | ChIP-Seq on human tissues; RNA-Seq on Neat1−/− mouse brains | Katsel et al. [111] | |
Sox8OT | Possible role in NSCs differentiation to OPCs | Via Sox8 activation | Descriptive study | Mercer et al. [112] | ||
MicroRNA | miR-124 | Positive role in NSCs differentiation to neurons | Repression of Ezh2 expression | In vitro NSCs + N2a neuroblastoma + P19 cells + overexpression | Microarray on N2a cells | Neo et al. [113] |
miR-153 | Negative role in NSCs differentiation to glia | Repression of gliogenic genes (Nfia/b) | In vitro ESCs + shRNA + artifical miRNAs | Tsuyama et al. [114] | ||
miR-17/106 | Positive role in NSCs differentiation to glia | Activation of gliogenesis (p38) | in vitro ESCs and mouse embryos + lentivirus | Naka-Kaneda et al. [115] |
DNA Modification | Enzyme/Mark | Role | Targeted Genes or Functions | Model | Methods | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DNA methylation | DNMT1/DNMT3A | Positive role in OPC survival and proliferation | In vitro OPCs + siRNA | Egawa et al. [132] | ||
No effect on OPC survival | Olig1cre;Dnmt1flox and Olig1cre;Dnmt3flox mice | Moyon et al. [133] | ||||
DNMT1 | Positive role in OPC proliferation | Increased DNA methylation and downregulation of cell cycle and cell proliferation genes (Cdc6, Meis2) | Olig1cre;Dnmt1flox mice | RNA-Seq and ERRBS on sorted neonatal OPCs and OLs, RNA-Seq on sorted Olig1cre;Tet1flox OPCs | Moyon et al. [87] | |
DNA demethylation | 5cac mark | 5cac enriched in glial cells during NSCs differentiation (Gfap, Olig1/2) | Descriptive study in vivo | Wheldon et al. [118] | ||
DNA hydroxymethylation | TET1 | Slight positive role during developmental OPC proliferation | Olig1cre;Tet1flox mice | Zhang et al. [89] | ||
No role in adult OPC proliferation | Olig1cre;Tet1flox and PdgfracreRT;Tet1flox mice | Moyon et al. [134] | ||||
Histone Modification | Enzyme/Mark | Role | Targeted Genes or Functions | Model | Methods | References |
Histone methylation | PRC2 (EED) (H3K27me3) | Positive role in OPC proliferation (in brain, not spinal cord) | Olig1cre;Eedflox and PdgfracreRT;Eedflox mice | Wang et al. [92] | ||
PRMT5 | Positive role in OPC survival | Inhibition of p53 pathway | Olig1cre;Prmt5flox mice and in vitro OPCs + siRNA | RNA-Seq on in vitro PRMT5-CRISPRKO OPCs | Scaglione et al. [135] | |
Histone (de)acetylation | H3K9ac/H3K14ac marks | Activation of cell cycle genes | In vitro OPCs + cMyc silencing | Magri et al. [136] | ||
HDACs | Positive role in OPC proliferation | In vitro O4+ cells + HDAC inhibitors | Conway et al. [137] | |||
Chromatin Organization | Enzyme/Mark | Role | Targeted Genes or Functions | Model | Methods | References |
Chromatin remodelers | CHD7 | Positive role in OPC survival | Regulation of cell cycle genes (Ccnd1, Cdk4 and Cdk6) and of cell survival/apoptosis genes (e.g., p53/Trp53, Bax, Apaf1) | PdgfracreRT;Chd7flox mice | RNA-Seq on in vitro PdgfracreRT;Chd7flox OPCs | Marie et al. [61] |
Positive role in OPC proliferation | PdgfracreRT;Chd7flox mice | Doi et al. [138] | ||||
No role in OPC survival or proliferation | Olig1cre;Chd7flox mice | He et al. [59] | ||||
CHD8 | Positive role in adult OPC survival and proliferation in spinal cord | Olig1cre;Chd8flox and PdgfracreRT;Chd8flox mice | Zhao et al. [139] | |||
EP400 | Positive role in OPC survival | Cnpcre;Ep400flox mice | Elsesser et al. [140] | |||
Post-Transcriptional Modification | Enzyme/Mark | Role | Targeted Genes or Functions | Model | Methods | References |
MicroRNA | DICER | Positive role in OPC proliferation | Olig1cre;Dicerflox mice | Zhao et al. [141] | ||
m6A RNA methylation | PPRC2A | Positive role in OPC proliferation | Olig2cre;Pprc2aflox and Nescre;Pprc2aflox mice | Wu et al. [142] |
DNA Modification | Enzyme/Mark | Role | Targeted Genes or Functions | Model | Methods | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DNA methylation | DNMT1 | Positive role in OPC differentiation | In vitro OPCs + siRNA | Egawa et al. [132] | ||
Negative role in OPC differentiation and myelination | Decreased DNA methylation and upregulation of lipid synthesis and myelin formation genes (Mog, Mag, Gpr37) | Olig1cre;Dnmt1flox mice (no phenotype in Cnpcre;Dnmt1flox mice) | RNA-Seq and ERRBS on sorted neonatal OPCs and OLs, RNA-Seq on sorted Olig1cre;Dnmt1flox OPCs | Moyon et al. [87] | ||
DNMT1/DNMT3A | Positive role in OPC differentiation and remyelination | PlpcreRT;Dnmt1flox;Dnmt3flox mice | Moyon et al. [133] | |||
DNA hydroxymethylation | TET1/TET2/TET3 | Positive role in OPC differentiation | In vitro OPCs + siRNAs | Zhao et al. [35] | ||
TET1 | Positive role in OPC differentiation and (re)myelination (no role for TET3) | Activation of cell differentiation genes (Mag) | Olig1cre;Tet1flox mice | hMeDIP-Seq on in vitro neonatal NSCs and OPCs, RNA-Seq on in vitro Olig1cre;Tet1flox OPCs | Zhang et al. [89] | |
Positive role in OPC differentiation and adult remyelination only (no role for TET2) | Activation of cell differentiation, myelination, biosynthesis and neuroglial communication genes (Slc family members, Pcdh family members) | Olig1cre;Tet1flox and PdgfracreRT;Tet1flox mice | RNA-Seq and RRHP on sorted adult OPCs and OLs, RNA-Seq on oligo-enriched Olig1cre;Tet1flox lesioned spinal cord | Moyon et al. [134] | ||
Histone Modification | Enzyme/Mark | Role | Targeted Genes or Functions | Model | Methods | References |
Histone methylation | PRC2 (EED) (H3K27me3) | Negative role in OPC differentiation and (re)myelination | Chromatin silencing of differentiation genes (Bmp, Wnt) | Olig1cre;Eedflox, Plpcre-Eedflox and PdgfracreRT;Eedflox mice | RNA-Seq and ChIP-Seq on in vitro Olig1cre;Eedflox OPCs | Wang et al. [92] |
H3K9me3 | Positive role in OPC differentiation (no role for H3K27me3) | In vitro OPCs and OLs | ChIP-Seq on in vitro OPCs and Ols | Liu et al. [93] | ||
KMT2/MLL (H3K4me3) | Positive role in OPC differentiation | Recruited by CHD8, mark accumulation at promoters of differentiation genes (Tcf7l2, Myrf, Zfp488, Lnc-OL1) | Olig1cre;Chd8flox mice + KDM5 demethylase inhibitors | ChIP-Seq on in vitro Olig1cre;Chd8flox OPCs | Zhao et al. [139] | |
PRMT5 | Positive role in OPC differentiation and myelination | Regulation of OPC differentiation genes | Olig1cre;Prmt5flox mice and in vitro OPCs + siRNA | RNA-Seq on in vitro PRMT5-CRISPRKO OPCs | Scaglione et al. [135] | |
Positive role in OPC differentiation and myelination | Regulation of OPC differentiation genes | Olig2cre;Prmt5flox mice | RNA-Seq on Olig2cre;Prmt5flox brain | Calabretta et al. [154] | ||
Positive role in OPC differentiation | Repression of inhibitors of differentiation (Id2/4) | In vitro OPCs and glioma cells + siRNA | Huang et al. [155] | |||
Histone deacetylation | HDACs | Positive role in OPC differentiation | In vitro O4+ cells + HDAC inhibitors | Conway et al. [137] | ||
In vitro OPCs + HDAC inhibitors | Marin-Husstege et al. [143] | |||||
Positive role in OPC differentiation and myelination | In vivo HDAC inhibitors | Shen et al. [156] | ||||
Positive role in OPC differentiation and remyelination | Shen et al. [157] | |||||
HDAC1/HDAC2 | Positive role in OPC differentiation and myelination | Olig1cre;Hdac1flox;Hdac2flox mice | Ye et al. [121] | |||
HDAC1 | Positive role in OPC differentiation | In vitro OPCs + siRNA | Egawa et al. [132] | |||
HDAC2 | Negative role in OPC differentiation | |||||
HDAC6 | Positive role in OPC differentiation and OL morphology | Deacetylation of alpha-tubulin | In vitro OPCs + siRNA | Noack et al. [158] | ||
HDAC11 | Positive role in OPC differentiation | In vitro Olineu cells + siRNA | Liu et al. [159] | |||
SIRT2 | Negative role in OPC differentiation | Deacetylation of alpha-tubulin | In vitro Olineu cells + siRNA | Li et al. [160] | ||
Histone citrullination | PADI2 | Positive role in OPC differentiation | Activation of cell differentiation genes (Septins, Mbp, Sox9/10, Tcf7l2) (+ role on non-histone targets, e.g., myelin proteins) | PdgfracreRT;Padi2flox mice, in vitro OPCs + siRNA, in vitro Olineu + overexpression | Proteomic and ATAC-Seq on in vitro OPCs + siRNA | Falcão et al. [55] |
Chromatin Organization | Enzyme/Mark | Role | Targeted Genes or Functions | Model | Methods | References |
Chromatin remodelers | CHD7 | Positive role in OPC differentiation and (re)myelination | Transcriptional activation of differentiation genes (Sox10, Gpr17, Sirt2, Nkx2.2) | PdgfracreRT;Chd7flox mice | RNA-Seq on in vitro PdgfracreRT;Chd7flox OPCs | Marie et al. [61] |
PdgfracreRT;Chd7flox mice | Doi et al. [138] | |||||
Transcriptional activation of differentiation genes (Myrf, Sox10) | Olig1cre;Chd7flox mice | RNA-Seq on Olig1cre;Chd7flox spinal cord | He et al. [59] | |||
CHD8 | Positive role in OPC differentiation and (re)myelination | Transcriptional activation of differentiation genes (Tcf7l2, Myrf, Zfp488, Lnc-OL1) | Olig1cre;Chd8flox and PdgfracreRT;Chd8flox mice | ChIP-Seq and ATAC-Seq on in vitro Olig1cre;Chd8flox OPCs | Zhao et al. [139] | |
BRG1 | Positive role in OPC differentiation and myelination | Transcriptional activation of differentiation genes (Myrf, Sox10) | Olig1cre;Brg1flox mice | RNA-Seq and ChIP-Seq on Olig1cre;Brg1flox optic nerve | Yu et al. [62] | |
Cnpcre;Brg1flox mice | Bischof et al. [57] | |||||
EP400 | Positive role in OPC differentiation | Transcriptional activation of differentiation genes (Plp1, Mbp, Mog, Myrf, Sox10) | Cnpcre;Ep400flox mice | ChIP-Seq on sorted Cnpcre;Ep400flox OPCs | Elsesser et al. [140] | |
Nuclear lamina | LMNB1 | Negative role in OPC differentiation | Repression of differentiation genes (cholesterol synthesis, Lss) | In vitro OPCs + LMNB1 overexpression | DamID on in vitro OPCs, combining with LMNB1 maintained expression | Yattah et al. [68] |
Post-Transcriptional Modification | Enzyme/Mark | Role | Targeted Genes or Functions | Model | Methods | References |
Long non-coding RNA | lnc-OL1 | Positive role in OPC differentiation and (re)myelination | Silencing of OPC program during their differentiation (interaction with SUZ12, within PRC2) | In vitro OPCs + lnc-OL1 overexpression and Ezh2 siRNA, Olig1cre;Ezh2flox mice | He et al. [161] | |
Neat1 | Positive role in OPC differentiation | Over-representation of oligodendroglial pathways among differentially expressed genes | Neat1−/− mice | RNA-Seq of Neat1−/− mouse brains | Katsel et al. [111] | |
lnc-158 | Positive role in OPC differentiation | In vitro NSCs + lnc-158 overexpression and siRNA | Li et al. [109] | |||
MicroRNA | DICER | Positive role in OPC differentiation and myelination | Olig2cre;Dicerflox and Cnpcre;Dicerflox mice | Dugas et al. [162] | ||
Positive role in myelination | Olig1cre;Dicerflox mice | Zhao et al. [141] | ||||
miR-219 | Positive role in OPC differentiation | Repression of inhibitors of differentiation (Zfp238, Foxj3) | In vitro OPCs + miR-219 overexpression | Dugas et al. [162] | ||
miR-338 | Positive role in OPC differentiation | Repression of inhibitors of differentiation (Sox6, Hes5) | In vitro OPCs + miR-219 overexpression, in vivo electroporation in chicks and zebrafish | Zhao et al. [141] | ||
miR-23 | Positive role in OPC differentiation and myelination | Upregulation of myelin genes (Cnp, Plp1, Mag, Mog) and downregulation of OPC and nuclear lamina genes (Pdgfra, Lmnb1) | In vivo miR-23 overexpression in CNP+ cells (mouse model) | RNA-Seq | Lin et al. [163] | |
miR-32 | Positive role in OPC differentiation | Promotes expression of myelin proteins and glucose/lipi metabolism (MBP, SLC45A3) | In vitro OPCs + miR-32 overexpression and shRNA | Shin et al. [164] | ||
miR-27a | Negative role in OPC differentiation and (re)myelination | Targets mature OL-specific genes (Mbp) | In vitro OPCs + miR-27a overexpression, ex vivo inhibition in cerebellum slices, in vivo intranasal inhibition in mice | RNA-Seq | Tripathi et al. [165] | |
miR-212 | Negative role in OPC differentiation | Inhibition of oligodendroglial genes (Mbp, Olig1/2, Sox10) | In vitro OPCs + miR-212 overexpression and siRNA | Validation by rtqPCR | Wang et al. [166] | |
miR-125-3p | Negative role in OPC differentiation | Inhibition of differentiation genes (Fyn, Smad4, Nrg1) | In vitro OPCs + miR-125-3p overexpression and siRNA | Validation by rtqPCR | Lecca et al. [167] | |
m6A RNA methylation | METTL14 | Positive role in OPC differentiation | Necessary for mature myelin gene expression (Mbp, Mog, Mag, Plp1, Cnp) and regulation of histone modification enzymes (HATs, HMTs, HDACs, KDMs) | Olig2cre;Mettl14flox and Cnpcre;Mettl14flox mice | RNA-Seq on in vitro Olig2cre;Mettl14flox OPCs | Xu et al. [168] |
FTO | Positive role in OPC differentiation and myelination | Promotes Olig2 degradation | Fto-TG mice | RNA-Seq on Nescre;Prrc2aflox brain and RIP-Seq on Olig2cre;Prrc2aflox brain | Wu et al. [142] |
DNA Modification | Enzyme/Mark | Role | Targeted Genes or Functions | Model | Methods | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DNA hydroxymethylation | TET1 | Positive role in myelination and neuroglial communication | Activation of cell differentiation and cell communication genes (Ca2+ homeostasis) | Olig1cre;Tet1flox mice | hMeDIP-Seq on in vitro neonatal NSCs and OPCs, RNA-Seq on in vitro Olig1cre;Tet1flox OPCs | Zhang et al. [89] |
Activation of cell differentiation, myelination, biosynthesis, and neuroglial communication genes (Slc family members, Pcdh family members) | Olig1cre;Tet1flox mice | RNA-Seq and RRHP on sorted adult OPCs and OLs, RNA-Seq on oligo-enriched Olig1cre;Tet1flox lesioned spinal cord | Moyon et al. [134] | |||
Chromatin Organization | Enzyme/Mark | Role | Targeted Genes or Functions | Model | Methods | References |
Chromatin remodelers | CHD7 | Positive role in myelination | Preferentially binding and increased accessibility of myelinogenesis (Mbp, Plp1 and Cnp) and lipid metabolism genes (Enpp2, Nfya, and Elovl7) | Olig1cre;Chd7flox mice | RNA-Seq on in vitro Olig1cre;Chd7flox spinal cord | He et al. [59] |
Post-Transcriptional Modification | Enzyme/Mark | Role | Targeted Genes or Functions | Model | Methods | References |
MicroRNA | DICER | Positive role in myelin maintenance | Induces expression of myelin proteins | PlpcreRT;Dicerflox mice | Shin et al. [173] | |
m6A RNA methylation | METTL14 | Positive role in myelination and regulation of internodes lenghts | Alternative splicing of glial paranodal genes (Nfasc155) | Olig2cre;Mettl14flox mice | RNA-Seq on in vitro Olig2cre;Mettl14flox OPCs and OLs | Xu et al. [168] |
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Pruvost, M.; Moyon, S. Oligodendroglial Epigenetics, from Lineage Specification to Activity-Dependent Myelination. Life 2021, 11, 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11010062
Pruvost M, Moyon S. Oligodendroglial Epigenetics, from Lineage Specification to Activity-Dependent Myelination. Life. 2021; 11(1):62. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11010062
Chicago/Turabian StylePruvost, Mathilde, and Sarah Moyon. 2021. "Oligodendroglial Epigenetics, from Lineage Specification to Activity-Dependent Myelination" Life 11, no. 1: 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11010062