The Influence of Hard Coal Combustion in Individual Household Furnaces on the Atmosphere Quality in Pszczyna (Poland)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Samples and Methods
2.1. Samples Collection
2.2. Mineral Composition
2.3. Chemical Composition
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Mineral Composition of Ashes
3.2. Composition of Dust Mineral
3.3. Chemical Composition of Ashes
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component | Formula | Hard Coal | Ash | Eco-Pea Coal | Ash |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quartz | SiO2 | x | x | x | x |
Cristobalite | SiO2 | x | x | - | - |
Corundum | Al2O3 | - | x | - | - |
Sillimanite | Al2SiO5 | - | x | - | - |
Mullite | Al6Si2O13 | x | x | x | x |
Calcite | CaCO3 | - | x | - | - |
Magnetite | Fe3O4 | x | x | - | - |
Hematite | Fe2O3 | x | x | x | x |
Spinel | MgAl2O4 | - | x | - | x |
Goethite | FeO(OH) | x | - | - | - |
Gypsum | CaSO4·2H2O | - | x | - | x |
Bassanite | CaSO4·½ H2O | - | x | - | - |
Diopside | CaMg[Si2O6] | - | - | x | x |
Cordierite | Mg2Al3[AlSi5O18] | - | - | - | x |
Pyrite | FeS2 | x | - | - | - |
Kaolinite | Al4[Si4O10](OH)8 | x | - | - | - |
Sphalerite | ZnS | x | - | x | - |
Galena | PbS | x | - | - | - |
Feldspars (albite-anorthite) | KAlSi3O8 (NaAlSi3O8–CaAl2Si2O8) | - | x | - | x |
Measurement | PM1.0 (μg/m3) | PM2.5 (μg/m3) | PM10 (μg/m3) | TVOC (ppb) | TSP (μg/m3) | Soot (ng/m3) |
Meteorological conditions: temperature min. 2.5 °C; temperature max. 3.0 °C; humidity 54–61%; atmospheric pressure 987 hPa (15 January 2021) | ||||||
Min. | 71.63 | 81.24 | 98.02 | 40 | 185 | 3217 |
Max. | 76.32 | 88.49 | 172.59 | 70 | 222 | 17,078 |
Mean | 73.9 | 84.2 | 123.5 | 53 | 204 | 10,162 |
Meteorological conditions: temperature min. 0 °C; temperature max. 2.0 °C; humidity 66–72%; atmospheric pressure 987 hPa (10 February 2021) | ||||||
Measurement | PM1.0 (μg/m3) | PM2.5 (μg/m3) | PM10 (μg/m3) | TVOC (ppb) | TSP (μg/m3) | Soot (ng/m3) |
Min. | 114.57 | 151.59 | 173.70 | 439 | 98 | 1247 |
Max. | 118.85 | 154.46 | 187.83 | 536 | 320 | 22,858 |
Mean | 116.5 | 152.6 | 179.6 | 498 | 243 | 11,779 |
Sample | Element (mg/kg) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As | Cd | Pb | Ba | Se | Ni | Tl | Zn | Th | U | |
Hard coal Mean | 4.9 (0.45) | 0.4 (0.083) | 77.4 (2.83) | 103 (15.9) | 0.7 (0.095) | 18.2 (1.99) | 1.41 (0.13) | 87.6 (2.20) | 10.2 (0.83) | 5.2 (0.27) |
Min. | 4.4 | 0.2 | 69.4 | 87 | 0.4 | 17.3 | 1.12 | 79.3 | 9.8 | 4.9 |
Max. | 5.3 | 0.4 | 86.2 | 128 | 0.8 | 19.7 | 1.51 | 96.2 | 10.9 | 5.4 |
Ash Mean | 20.2 (0.87) | 7.1 (6.83) | 36.1 (13.31) | 101.4 (121.5) | 6.4 (0.69) | 122.5 (14.58) | 6.6 (0.42) | 2016.8 (31.39) | 12.4 (1.17) | 6.1 (0.33) |
Min. | 19.6 | 3.4 | 29.4 | 76.3 | 5.7 | 109.4 | 5.5 | 1983.3 | 11.8 | 5.9 |
Max. | 21.3 | 8.6 | 43.8 | 128.4 | 6.9 | 131.6 | 7.1 | 2173.2 | 12.9 | 6.3 |
RF | 1.0 | 4.5 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 2.3 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 5.8 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Eco-pea coal Mean | 1.1 (0.54) | 0.6 (0.35) | 60.2 (2.38) | 940 (20.3) | 0.2 (0.058) | 43.1 (0.98) | 0.13 (0.04) | 933.6 (17.67) | 0.6 (0.18) | 0.2 (0.016) |
Min. | 0.9 | 0.5 | 56.4 | 845 | 0.2 | 39.6 | 0.11 | 879.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 |
Max. | 1.3 | 0.7 | 63.8 | 969 | 0.3 | 48.1 | 0.14 | 951.6 | 0.7 | 0.3 |
Ash Mean | 5.5 (0.23) | 3.5 (0.30) | 8.4 (0.43) | 213 (313.3) | 0.6 (0.20) | 11.5 (2.36) | 0.22 (0.06) | 1386.3 (32.22) | 2.5 (0.36) | 1.3 (0.62) |
Min. | 4.9 | 3.3 | 7.8 | 167 | 0.4 | 10.8 | 0.20 | 1312.7 | 2.3 | 0.9 |
Max. | 5.7 | 3.7 | 8.6 | 242 | 0.8 | 11.9 | 0.26 | 1434.9 | 2.7 | 1.4 |
RF | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.3 | 0.03 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.7 |
Literature data 1 | Comparison of trace elements contents in coal from different countries | |||||||||
0.5–80 | 0.1–4.31 | 2.69–80 | 0.2–4360 | 0.2–4.7 | 0.5–50 | 0.1–0.34 | 5–300 | 2.4–3.5 | 3 |
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Smołka-Danielowska, D.; Jabłońska, M.; Godziek, S. The Influence of Hard Coal Combustion in Individual Household Furnaces on the Atmosphere Quality in Pszczyna (Poland). Minerals 2021, 11, 1155. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11111155
Smołka-Danielowska D, Jabłońska M, Godziek S. The Influence of Hard Coal Combustion in Individual Household Furnaces on the Atmosphere Quality in Pszczyna (Poland). Minerals. 2021; 11(11):1155. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11111155
Chicago/Turabian StyleSmołka-Danielowska, Danuta, Mariola Jabłońska, and Sandra Godziek. 2021. "The Influence of Hard Coal Combustion in Individual Household Furnaces on the Atmosphere Quality in Pszczyna (Poland)" Minerals 11, no. 11: 1155. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11111155