Raman Microspectroscopy of Garnets from S-Fibulae from the Archaeological Site Lajh (Slovenia)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Artefacts
2.2. Study of Garnets.
2.3. Study of Inclusions
3. Results
3.1. Garnets
3.2. Inclusions
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Composition of an End Member | Inclusions | |
---|---|---|---|
Pyralspite | Pyrope | Mg3Al2(SiO4)3 | Apatite, ilmenite, rutile, undetermined fibrous minerals |
Pyrope-almandine | (Fe, Mg)3Al2(SiO4)3 | Zircon, monazite, apatite, rutile, mica, quartz, often very pure | |
Almandine | Fe3Al2(SiO4)3 | Zircon, rutile, mica, hornblende, apatite, spinel, quartz | |
Spessartine | Mn3Al2(SiO4)3 | Rarely present, growth lines – dark wavy feathers | |
Ugrandite | Andradite | Ca3Fe2(SiO4)3 | Chryzotile |
Grossular | Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 | Mostly no inclusions are found Tsavorite – zircon, fibrous minerals Hessonite – zircon, diopside, treacle and heat wave textures | |
Uvarovite | Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3 | Not determined |
Calligaro et al. [4] | Type I | Type II | - | Type III | Type IV | Type V |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gilg et al. [8] | Group B | Group A | Group C [10] | Group X | Group D | Group E |
Chemical Composition of Garnets | Almandines poor in Mg, Ca, Mn, also Cr and Y | Almandines rich in Mg, Mn, also Cr and Y | Almandines rich in Ca and Mg | Pyrope-almandines (rhodolite) | Pyropes poor in Cr | Pyropes rich in Cr |
Assignment (mode) | Site Motion [22] | Band | S-fibulae | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NA246 | NA247 | NA401 | NA843 | NA806 | NA892 | ||||||||||||||||
G1 | G2 | G3 | G1 | G2 | G3 | G1 | G2 | G3 | G1 | G2 | G3 | G1 | G2 | G3 | G4 | G5 | G1 | G2 | |||
Translation of X cation | T(X2+) | I | 170.0 | 170.2 | 170.0 | 169.6 | 169.6 | 168.9 | 170.5 | 169.6 | 170.3 | 170.5 | 169.7 | 171.0 | 170.3 | 172.5 | 170.1 | 170.0 | 170.8 | 169.5 | 171.0 |
Translation of SiO4 | T(SiO4) | II | 214.4 | 214.2 | 213.5 | 215.0 | 215.0 | 215.0 | 214.2 | 215.6 | 214.5 | 213.9 | 215.2 | 214.0 | 214.3 | 213.2 | 215.5 | 214.4 | 213.7 | 215.9 | 214.2 |
Rotation of SiO4 | R(SiO4) | III | 316.2 | 315.7 | 315.8 | 315.9 | 316.0 | 315.6 | 316.4 | 315.9 | 316.1 | 316.5 | 316.6 | 316.6 | 316.3 | 317.1 | 315.9 | 315.9 | 316.6 | 315.7 | 316.3 |
T(SiO4) | IV | 330.8 | 330.8 | 331.5 | 330.8 | 330.9 | 330.3 | 332.3 | 331.9 | 333.0 | 332.9 | 331.9 | - | 331.9 | - | 330.6 | 330.8 | 333.6 | 330.3 | 333.5 | |
R(SiO4) | V | 348.0 | 347.8 | 347.4 | 346.8 | 347.0 | 346.1 | 347.7 | 346.7 | 347.6 | 347.7 | 346.9 | 349.4 | 347.7 | 351.0 | 347.0 | 347.7 | 349.6 | 346.5 | 348.0 | |
R(SiO4) | VI | 373.2 | 373.0 | 373.2 | 373.1 | 372.9 | 372.9 | 373.2 | 373.0 | 373.3 | 374.1 | 373.4 | 373.6 | 373.8 | 372.6 | 373.6 | 372.9 | 372.8 | 373.0 | 373.2 | |
Si–O bending | ν2 | VII | 481.0 | 479.7 | 479.7 | 479.7 | 479.5 | 478.9 | 480.3 | 479.8 | 480.1 | 480.4 | 479.7 | 481.2 | 480.1 | 482.0 | 480.2 | 480.6 | 481.0 | 479.6 | 480.4 |
ν4 | VIII | 501.8 | 501.8 | 501.4 | 501.4 | 501.1 | 500.9 | 501.9 | 501.0 | 501.8 | 501.9 | 501.3 | 502.7 | 502.1 | 503.7 | 501.6 | 502.2 | 502.7 | 501.0 | 502.0 | |
ν2 | IX | 557.7 | 557.9 | 557.7 | 557.8 | 557.6 | 556.9 | 558.0 | 557.5 | 558.0 | 558.1 | 557.6 | 558.4 | 558.0 | 559.0 | 558.3 | 558.0 | 558.1 | 557.7 | 558.3 | |
ν4 | X | 585.4 | 585.6 | 585.3 | 584.7 | 585.2 | 584.5 | 585.8 | 584.5 | 585.6 | 585.7 | 585.2 | 585.9 | 585.8 | 587.0 | 585.2 | 585.1 | 585.8 | 584.9 | 585.9 | |
ν4 | XI | 600.2 | 600.4 | 599.7 | 599.3 | 600.2 | 599.0 | 601.1 | 599.8 | 599.6 | 600.6 | 600.0 | 602.0 | 600.9 | 602.6 | 600.3 | 601.5 | 601.7 | 596.0 | 599.0 | |
ν4 | XII | 634.8 | 634.8 | 634.1 | 633.8 | 633.5 | 633.1 | 634.8 | 633.7 | 634.7 | 635.1 | 634.0 | 635.6 | 634.4 | 636.9 | 634.2 | 634.5 | 635.7 | 634.0 | 635.3 | |
Si–O stretching | ν3 | XIII | 866.4 | 865.4 | 866.1 | 866.0 | 865.8 | 866.0 | 865.6 | 865.3 | 865.7 | 866.4 | 866.3 | 864.3 | 865.5 | 864.6 | 866.5 | 864.9 | 862.9 | 865.6 | 866.7 |
ν1 | XIV | 919.3 | 918.8 | 918.8 | 919.2 | 919.2 | 918.5 | 918.9 | 918.4 | 918.8 | 919.1 | 918.7 | 918.3 | 919.2 | 919.0 | 919.2 | 918.3 | 917.4 | 918.4 | 919.5 | |
ν3 | XV | 1044.0 | 1042.6 | 1042.3 | 1043.4 | 1042.6 | 1042.5 | 1043.7 | 1041.3 | 1043.7 | 1043.3 | 1042.7 | 1044.0 | 1043.6 | 1045.3 | 1042.0 | 1042.5 | 1043.0 | 1042.3 | 1043.7 |
Type of Inclusion | Mineralogy and Chemical Formula | Artefact and Garnet |
---|---|---|
Quartz SiO2 | NA401 G3, NA806 G2, G4 and G5 | |
Transparent crystal | Apatite Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) | All garnets of fibulae NA246, NA247, NA401, NA806 G1 and G4 |
Mica (muscovite KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 or phlogopite KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2) | NA401 G3, NA806 G2, G4 and G5 | |
Crystal with radiation halo, pleochroic halo or tension fissures | Zircon Zr(SiO4) | NA246 G2, NA247 G2, NA401 G2, NA806 G2, 3 and 5, NA843 G2 |
Transparent fibres | Sillimanite Al2(SiO4)O | NA806 G2 |
Opaque clusters | Magnetite (Fe2+,Fe3+)2O4, ilmenite Fe2+TiO3 | NA247 G1 and 2, NA401 G2 |
Opaque needles | Rutile α-TiO2 | NA806 G5, NA843 G3 |
Brownish plate | Biotite K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg)([Si/Al]Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Xenotime (Y/Yb)(PO4) | NA892 G2 |
Spherical inclusions | unidentified (melt, fluid or gas) | NA843 G1, NA892 G2 |
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Kos, S.; Dolenec, M.; Lux, J.; Dolenec, S. Raman Microspectroscopy of Garnets from S-Fibulae from the Archaeological Site Lajh (Slovenia). Minerals 2020, 10, 325. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10040325
Kos S, Dolenec M, Lux J, Dolenec S. Raman Microspectroscopy of Garnets from S-Fibulae from the Archaeological Site Lajh (Slovenia). Minerals. 2020; 10(4):325. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10040325
Chicago/Turabian StyleKos, Saša, Matej Dolenec, Judita Lux, and Sabina Dolenec. 2020. "Raman Microspectroscopy of Garnets from S-Fibulae from the Archaeological Site Lajh (Slovenia)" Minerals 10, no. 4: 325. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10040325