The Use of Precise Survey Techniques to Find the Connection between Discontinuities and Surface Morphologic Features in the Laže Quarry in Slovenia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Study Area
1.2. Geological Setting of the Area
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Digital Terrain Model
- A digitization of the original terrain of the topographic map M 1:5000 and construction of 5 × 5 m mesh;
- LIDAR terrain record data from 2014, including intensity images created from LIDAR recorded in the area. The data are available in the Environmental atlas of Slovenia [59]. A more precise (1 × 1 m) digital terrain model (DTM) was created;
- A digitalization of existing quarry products on a geodetic map. The map had been constantly updated by quarry management. Using the map from December 2018, we digitized the benches and created a digital model of the quarry. This model showed the benches before the collapse;
- A review and comparison of old aerial photographs as well as occasional quarry recordings; and
- Unmanned aerial photography data from 8 May 2019.
2.1.2. Topography and Geomorphological Analysis of the Relief
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Sliding Surface
2.2.2. Quarry Mapping
2.2.3. Stability Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Digital Relief Model with a Photorealistic Raster Graphic Base
- a terrain model of the quarry before exploitation;
- a quarry model using 2014 LIDAR data;
- a model of the quarry from December 2018; and
- a quarry model with data from 8 May 2019, i.e., after the rockslide.
3.2. Mapping of Discontinuities
- Cracks facing southwest at 20°–40°. These included the major discontinuity due to the rockslide (245/21). This crack was perfectly straight and was the main crack (see Figure 2). This also included a crack that was parallel to the main crack (9.57 m), right above it. On the benches at 730 and 700 a.s.l., tension cracks spread from these benches to several other benches (234/23). In the eastern part of the quarry, the cracks were filled with calcite. Along these cracks, we noticed major sliding;
- Cracks perpendicular to the main crack system 40–60/60–65: these cracks occurred throughout the quarry and were clearly visible in the area of the rockslide;
- Vertical and subvertical cracks with a strike running from northeast–southwest;
- Other crack systems that did not belong to any of the above crack systems.
3.3. Structurally Connecting Tectonic Elements and Projections
4. Discussion
4.1. Laže Quarry Stability Assessment: Crack Projections
- A crack that was visible in the collapsed area in the vertical wall was parallel to the crack that led to the rockslide. It was 9.72 m away (height-wise) and is indicated as Number 1 (pictured in yellow) below;
- The crack that caused the collapse was by far the most susceptible to sliding. It was completely flat and extended over a large portion of the open quarry. We refer to it here as the main crack (Number 2, shown in red). This crack was clearly visible in surface anomalies;
- On the benches at 720 and 710 a.s.l., an intense crack from the same system was observed. It presented over several benches (234/23) and was clearly parallel to cracks a1 and a2 (Number 3, pictured in blue);
- A steeper crack that ran across multiple benches (235/37, pictured in orange, Number 4);
- In the eastern part of the quarry, on bench 680 (a.s.l.), more calcite-filled cracks were found (230/38). Along these cracks, the banks of the benches were falling off. The projections were dragged along the benches for analysis (pictured in green, Number 5).
- The first area, in the western part of the quarry, was due to cracks 1 and 2. One slide had already occurred at crack number 2, but the cracks were clearly still spreading westward in such a way that a similar situation could occur again. The likelihood of collapse is high;
- The second area was at crack number 3. This crack had the same free path as the first two cracks;
- The third area was by crack number 4, which had a larger vertical drop than the first three cracks did. The vertical crack, which was observed to run through all of the quarry benches on this slope, created a wedge between benches 680 and 622 (a.s.l.);
- The fourth area, which was in the eastern part of the quarry, had the same combination of cracks as did crack number 5 in area number 3.
4.2. Morphography and Surface Morphology
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lazar, A.; Vižintin, G.; Beguš, T.; Vulić, M. The Use of Precise Survey Techniques to Find the Connection between Discontinuities and Surface Morphologic Features in the Laže Quarry in Slovenia. Minerals 2020, 10, 326. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10040326
Lazar A, Vižintin G, Beguš T, Vulić M. The Use of Precise Survey Techniques to Find the Connection between Discontinuities and Surface Morphologic Features in the Laže Quarry in Slovenia. Minerals. 2020; 10(4):326. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10040326
Chicago/Turabian StyleLazar, Aleš, Goran Vižintin, Tomaž Beguš, and Milivoj Vulić. 2020. "The Use of Precise Survey Techniques to Find the Connection between Discontinuities and Surface Morphologic Features in the Laže Quarry in Slovenia" Minerals 10, no. 4: 326. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10040326