Dynamical Behavior of Small-Scale Buoyant Diffusion Flames in Externally Swirling Flows
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Computational Methodology
3. Results and Discussion
- How finite rate chemistry affects a flickering buoyant diffusion flame;
- How a flickering buoyant diffusion flame exhibits when the surrounding airflow is swirling;
- Why the flame flicker vanishes once the swirling intensity increases to a certain degree;
- What the vortex-dynamical interpretations for the flame variation under different swirling conditions are.
3.1. Finite Rate Chemistry Effects on Flame Flicker
3.2. Flickering Flames: Benchmark Cases
3.3. Faster Flickering Flames
3.4. Oscillating Flames
3.5. Steady Flames
3.6. Lifted Flame
3.7. Spiral Flame
3.8. Vortex Bubble Flame
4. Concluding Remarks
- The flickering flames have the distinct feature that the periodic shedding of the toroidal vortex around the flame. The portraits of these flames are the closed ring shape. Additionally, the topological structure of the flames is broken when the externally swirling flow is weak, for instance, the weak swirling conditions of 0.31 and in this study.
- The oscillating mode exhibits that the toroidal vortex sheds off behind the flame and occurs at the intermediate region (for instance, and in this study). The upstream portrait of these oscillating flames is the closed ring, while a big disturbance occurs in the downstream portrait.
- The steady mode hardly has the formation of a toroidal vortex around the flame, as the vortex shedding occurs far behind the flame. In the steady flames, the upstream phase portrait degenerates into a point, while the downstream portrait exhibits small oscillation. The formation of steady flames corresponds to the relevantly large region, for instance, and in this study.
- The lifted flames detach from the bottom wall due to the relatively small number. The phase portraits of the flames are nearly motionless. The present study shows that the large (>1.10) with the fixed causes a very small ratio of the residence time to the chemical time at the flame base, thereby leading to the lift-off of the flame.
- The spiral flames have a distinct feature in that the symmetry of shear layers around the flame is broken, compared with the four modes of flickering, oscillating, steady, and lifted flames. In these flames, the upstream phase portrait is a small ellipse, while the downstream portrait shows a big quasi-cycle. The asymmetric flames occur at a large , while is the same. For instance, = 0.60 and = 79° in this study.
- The vortex bubble flames show a different pattern in the occurrence of the vortex bubble for the vortex breakdown in the flame base, compared with the lifted flame. The phase portraits present a warping string within a relatively small range as the unstable bubble has time-varying barycenter and shape. These flames occur at the relatively large and ; for instance, = 1.30 and = 64° in this study.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Yang, T.; Ma, Y.; Zhang, P. Dynamical Behavior of Small-Scale Buoyant Diffusion Flames in Externally Swirling Flows. Symmetry 2024, 16, 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16030292
Yang T, Ma Y, Zhang P. Dynamical Behavior of Small-Scale Buoyant Diffusion Flames in Externally Swirling Flows. Symmetry. 2024; 16(3):292. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16030292
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Tao, Yuan Ma, and Peng Zhang. 2024. "Dynamical Behavior of Small-Scale Buoyant Diffusion Flames in Externally Swirling Flows" Symmetry 16, no. 3: 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16030292