Next Article in Journal
Towards Character-Based Zoning: Managing Historic Urban Landscapes and Integrating a Dynamic Integrity Framework in Jingdezhen, China
Previous Article in Journal
An Ecosystem-Based Approach: Strategic Planning and Decision-Making in Wells Gray Provincial Park
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Land
Volume 15
Issue 4
10.3390/land15040614
land-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Long-Term Assessment of Urban Flood Resilience and Identification of Obstacles: A Case Study of Sichuan, China (2011–2023)

by
Renjie Tian
1,2,†,
Bingwei Tian
1,2,*,†,
Sainan Li
1,
Basanta Raj Adhikari
3,
Ling Wang
4,
Xiaolong Luo
1,
Wei Xie
1 and
Joseph Kimuli Balikuddembe
1
1
Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University-The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Chengdu 610207, China
2
Research Center for Social Development and Social Risk Control, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Lalitpur 44600, Nepal
4
Sichuan Institute of Urban and Rural Construction, Chengdu 610041, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Land 2026, 15(4), 614; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15040614
Submission received: 8 March 2026 / Revised: 30 March 2026 / Accepted: 5 April 2026 / Published: 9 April 2026
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Urban Resilience for Sustainable Futures)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

Urban floods have become a major systemic risk to sustainable urban development under climate change and increasingly frequent extreme hydro-meteorological events. Yet evidence on the long-term evolution of urban flood resilience (UFR) and its structural constraints at the provincial scale remains limited. This study develops a PSR-based framework to assess UFR and diagnose its dominant obstacles using data for 21 prefecture-level cities in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2023, including meteorological, geomorphological, socioeconomic, infrastructure, environmental, and public service indicators. A combined AHP–EWM is used to integrate subjective and objective information, TOPSIS is applied to derive a composite UFR index and subsystem scores, and an obstacle degree model is employed to identify key constraints and their temporal evolution. Results show that: (1) UFR in Sichuan Province fluctuated but increased overall during 2011–2023, reaching its highest level in 2023; (2) resilience improvement was driven mainly by the response subsystem, while the pressure subsystem showed the greatest interannual variability; and (3) the annual top five obstacles were highly persistent and insufficient response capacity was the dominant long-term constraint on resilience enhancement. These findings underscore that improving the adequacy, institutional robustness, and operational stability of response systems is central to enhancing UFR. This study provides empirical support for the assessment of provincial-scale resilience and policy-oriented flood risk governance.
Keywords: urban flood resilience (UFR); Pressure–State–Response (PSR); AHP-EWM; identification of obstacles; Sichuan province urban flood resilience (UFR); Pressure–State–Response (PSR); AHP-EWM; identification of obstacles; Sichuan province

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Tian, R.; Tian, B.; Li, S.; Adhikari, B.R.; Wang, L.; Luo, X.; Xie, W.; Balikuddembe, J.K. Long-Term Assessment of Urban Flood Resilience and Identification of Obstacles: A Case Study of Sichuan, China (2011–2023). Land 2026, 15, 614. https://doi.org/10.3390/land15040614

AMA Style

Tian R, Tian B, Li S, Adhikari BR, Wang L, Luo X, Xie W, Balikuddembe JK. Long-Term Assessment of Urban Flood Resilience and Identification of Obstacles: A Case Study of Sichuan, China (2011–2023). Land. 2026; 15(4):614. https://doi.org/10.3390/land15040614

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tian, Renjie, Bingwei Tian, Sainan Li, Basanta Raj Adhikari, Ling Wang, Xiaolong Luo, Wei Xie, and Joseph Kimuli Balikuddembe. 2026. "Long-Term Assessment of Urban Flood Resilience and Identification of Obstacles: A Case Study of Sichuan, China (2011–2023)" Land 15, no. 4: 614. https://doi.org/10.3390/land15040614

APA Style

Tian, R., Tian, B., Li, S., Adhikari, B. R., Wang, L., Luo, X., Xie, W., & Balikuddembe, J. K. (2026). Long-Term Assessment of Urban Flood Resilience and Identification of Obstacles: A Case Study of Sichuan, China (2011–2023). Land, 15(4), 614. https://doi.org/10.3390/land15040614

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop