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Volume 15
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10.3390/land15010086
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Article

Tiered Risk Assessment for Petroleum Hydrocarbons C6–C9: A Case Study at a Typical Decommissioned Petroleum Refinery Site in Gansu Province

by
Kaixuan Zhu
,
Chao Zhang
,
Guanlin Guo
* and
Rongxiao Yuan
Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Land 2026, 15(1), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15010086
Submission received: 14 November 2025 / Revised: 15 December 2025 / Accepted: 27 December 2025 / Published: 31 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Land, Soil and Water)
Versions Notes

Abstract

No method to assess the risks of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants C6–C9 in soils on construction land in China has been established. At one decommissioned petroleum refinery site in northwestern China, we performed an innovative tier 3 risk assessment method using carbon fraction proportions. Using HJ 25.3 guidelines, the risk-screening value for soil contamination of land by petroleum hydrocarbons was 192 mg kg−1 for industrial land use. However, based on site-specific parameters, this value was 226 mg kg−1, with a corresponding contaminated soil volume of 381,904 m3. A tier 3 risk assessment incorporating carbon fraction proportions and site-specific parameters yielded a risk control value of 2370 mg kg−1 and reduced the soil volume requiring decontamination to 87,047 m3, potentially saving CNY 324 million (~USD 45.5 million as of November 2025) in remediation costs. Therefore, implementing a tier 3 risk assessment for C6–C9 pollutants can optimize remediation strategies and enhance the precision and scientific rigor of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil remediation.
Keywords: petroleum hydrocarbons; risk assessment; soil; contaminated site; remediation petroleum hydrocarbons; risk assessment; soil; contaminated site; remediation

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Zhu, K.; Zhang, C.; Guo, G.; Yuan, R. Tiered Risk Assessment for Petroleum Hydrocarbons C6–C9: A Case Study at a Typical Decommissioned Petroleum Refinery Site in Gansu Province. Land 2026, 15, 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/land15010086

AMA Style

Zhu K, Zhang C, Guo G, Yuan R. Tiered Risk Assessment for Petroleum Hydrocarbons C6–C9: A Case Study at a Typical Decommissioned Petroleum Refinery Site in Gansu Province. Land. 2026; 15(1):86. https://doi.org/10.3390/land15010086

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhu, Kaixuan, Chao Zhang, Guanlin Guo, and Rongxiao Yuan. 2026. "Tiered Risk Assessment for Petroleum Hydrocarbons C6–C9: A Case Study at a Typical Decommissioned Petroleum Refinery Site in Gansu Province" Land 15, no. 1: 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/land15010086

APA Style

Zhu, K., Zhang, C., Guo, G., & Yuan, R. (2026). Tiered Risk Assessment for Petroleum Hydrocarbons C6–C9: A Case Study at a Typical Decommissioned Petroleum Refinery Site in Gansu Province. Land, 15(1), 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/land15010086

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