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Article

Integrated Hydrogeochemical, Isotopic, and Geophysical Assessment of Groundwater Salinization Processes in the Samba Dia Coastal Aquifer (Senegal)

by
Amadou Sarr
1,2,
Seyni Ndoye
1,*,
Axel L. Tcheheumeni Djanni
2,
Mathias Diedhiou
2,
Mapathe Ndiaye
3,
Serigne Faye
2,
Corinne Sabine Corbau
4,
Arnaud Gauthier
5 and
Philippe Le Coustumer
6
1
Water-Energy-Environment-Industrial Processes Laboratory (LE3PI—Laboratoire Eau-Energie-Environnement-Procédés Industriels), Department of Civil Engineering, Polytechnic School, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar Fann P.O. Box 5085, Senegal
2
Department of Geology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar Fann P.O. Box 5005, Senegal
3
Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Iba Der Thiam University of Thies, Thies P.O. Box 967, Senegal
4
Earth Sciences Department, Ferrara University, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
5
Civil Engineering and Geo-Environment Laboratory, ULR4515–LGCgE, University of Lille, University of Artois, IMT Lille Douai, Junia, 59000 Lille, France
6
Bordeaux Imaging Center, University of Bordeaux, 33706 Bordeaux, France
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2025, 17(24), 3590; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17243590
Submission received: 29 September 2025 / Revised: 26 November 2025 / Accepted: 13 December 2025 / Published: 18 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Hydrogeology and Hydrochemistry: Challenges and Prospects)
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Abstract

This study provides a detailed assessment of groundwater salinization in the Quaternary aquifer of the Samba Dia region, Senegal, using an integrated approach that combines hydrochemical, stable isotopic (δ2H, δ18O), and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) techniques. Fourteen high-resolution ERT profiles, along with comprehensive chemical and isotopic analyses, were performed to identify the main causes of salinity and their spatial distribution. Results show that groundwater salinization in the area is primarily driven by three mechanisms: seawater intrusion, surface salt leaching, and ion exchange. Hydrochemical facies evolution diagrams, ionic ratios, and isotopic signatures helped differentiate marine-influenced zones from inland salinization areas. ERT imaging also mapped the three-dimensional extent and geometry of saline interfaces, confirming zone-specific mixing of seawater and freshwater. The findings indicate that salinization of the coastal aquifer has worsened over the past twenty years, mainly due to human activities and climate variability. This study recommends a sustainable monitoring strategy to support aquifer management, focusing on accurately identifying vulnerable zones and enabling adaptive resource planning in semi-arid Senegal.
Keywords: groundwater; salinization; hydrochemistry; stable isotopes; electrical resistivity tomography; Samba Dia aquifer; Senegal groundwater; salinization; hydrochemistry; stable isotopes; electrical resistivity tomography; Samba Dia aquifer; Senegal

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MDPI and ACS Style

Sarr, A.; Ndoye, S.; Djanni, A.L.T.; Diedhiou, M.; Ndiaye, M.; Faye, S.; Corbau, C.S.; Gauthier, A.; Le Coustumer, P. Integrated Hydrogeochemical, Isotopic, and Geophysical Assessment of Groundwater Salinization Processes in the Samba Dia Coastal Aquifer (Senegal). Water 2025, 17, 3590. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17243590

AMA Style

Sarr A, Ndoye S, Djanni ALT, Diedhiou M, Ndiaye M, Faye S, Corbau CS, Gauthier A, Le Coustumer P. Integrated Hydrogeochemical, Isotopic, and Geophysical Assessment of Groundwater Salinization Processes in the Samba Dia Coastal Aquifer (Senegal). Water. 2025; 17(24):3590. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17243590

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sarr, Amadou, Seyni Ndoye, Axel L. Tcheheumeni Djanni, Mathias Diedhiou, Mapathe Ndiaye, Serigne Faye, Corinne Sabine Corbau, Arnaud Gauthier, and Philippe Le Coustumer. 2025. "Integrated Hydrogeochemical, Isotopic, and Geophysical Assessment of Groundwater Salinization Processes in the Samba Dia Coastal Aquifer (Senegal)" Water 17, no. 24: 3590. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17243590

APA Style

Sarr, A., Ndoye, S., Djanni, A. L. T., Diedhiou, M., Ndiaye, M., Faye, S., Corbau, C. S., Gauthier, A., & Le Coustumer, P. (2025). Integrated Hydrogeochemical, Isotopic, and Geophysical Assessment of Groundwater Salinization Processes in the Samba Dia Coastal Aquifer (Senegal). Water, 17(24), 3590. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17243590

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