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Water
Volume 17
Issue 22
10.3390/w17223244
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Effects of Severe Hydro-Meteorological Events on the Functioning of Mountain Environments in the Ochotnica Catchment (Outer Carpathians, Poland) and Recommendations for Adaptation Strategies

by
Tomasz Bryndal
1,*,
Krzysztof Buczek
2,
Paweł Franczak
3,
Marek Górnik
4,
Rafał Kroczak
1,
Karol Witkowski
5 and
Robert Faracik
6
1
Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, University of the National Education Commission, Podchorążych 2, 30-082 Krakow, Poland
2
Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Adama Mickiewicza Ave 33, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
3
Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences in Tarnow, Mickiewicza Str. 8, 33-100 Tarnow, Poland
4
Independent Researcher, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
5
Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, Polish Academy of Sciences, św. Jana 22, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
6
Institute of Law and Administration, University of the National Education Commission, Podchorążych 2, 30-082 Krakow, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2025, 17(22), 3244; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17223244 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 2 October 2025 / Revised: 6 November 2025 / Accepted: 10 November 2025 / Published: 13 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Analysis of Flooding Phenomena: Challenges and Case Studies)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Mountain regions are highly susceptible to severe hydro-meteorological events. These events induce substantial morphological changes that are preserved in the environment and cause significant economic losses, representing a major challenge for water resource management. Due to their abrupt nature, mitigating the impacts of such events requires preventive measures. The goal of the study was to comprehensively evaluate the impact of severe hydro-meteorological events on the mountain environment of the Ochotnica catchment, considering both environmental and economic aspects, over several years. This multi-year perspective also provided the opportunity to formulate some recommendations for the development of adaptation strategies for extreme hydro-meteorological events in mountain areas. The study demonstrates that delineation of the Maximum Probable Flood (MPF) hazard zone is a key element in building resilience to such events in mountain areas. Information related to the extent and depth of this zone, together with flow velocity, are critical components which may support actions aimed at reducing flood exposure and vulnerability, limiting the negative consequences of extreme hydro-meteorological events in mountain catchments prone to flash floods.
Keywords: heavy rainfall; flash flood; flood peak; flood risk; Maximum Probable Flood; Carpathians heavy rainfall; flash flood; flood peak; flood risk; Maximum Probable Flood; Carpathians

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Bryndal, T.; Buczek, K.; Franczak, P.; Górnik, M.; Kroczak, R.; Witkowski, K.; Faracik, R. Effects of Severe Hydro-Meteorological Events on the Functioning of Mountain Environments in the Ochotnica Catchment (Outer Carpathians, Poland) and Recommendations for Adaptation Strategies. Water 2025, 17, 3244. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17223244

AMA Style

Bryndal T, Buczek K, Franczak P, Górnik M, Kroczak R, Witkowski K, Faracik R. Effects of Severe Hydro-Meteorological Events on the Functioning of Mountain Environments in the Ochotnica Catchment (Outer Carpathians, Poland) and Recommendations for Adaptation Strategies. Water. 2025; 17(22):3244. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17223244

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bryndal, Tomasz, Krzysztof Buczek, Paweł Franczak, Marek Górnik, Rafał Kroczak, Karol Witkowski, and Robert Faracik. 2025. "Effects of Severe Hydro-Meteorological Events on the Functioning of Mountain Environments in the Ochotnica Catchment (Outer Carpathians, Poland) and Recommendations for Adaptation Strategies" Water 17, no. 22: 3244. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17223244

APA Style

Bryndal, T., Buczek, K., Franczak, P., Górnik, M., Kroczak, R., Witkowski, K., & Faracik, R. (2025). Effects of Severe Hydro-Meteorological Events on the Functioning of Mountain Environments in the Ochotnica Catchment (Outer Carpathians, Poland) and Recommendations for Adaptation Strategies. Water, 17(22), 3244. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17223244

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