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10.3390/w15223906
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Article

Analyzing Temporal Patterns of Temperature, Precipitation, and Drought Incidents: A Comprehensive Study of Environmental Trends in the Upper Draa Basin, Morocco

by
Fadoua El Qorchi
1,*,
Mohammed Yacoubi Khebiza
1,
Onyango Augustine Omondi
2,
Ahmed Karmaoui
3,
Quoc Bao Pham
4 and
Siham Acharki
5
1
Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change (WBCC), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco
2
International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 9804, Beijing 100029, China
3
Bioactives (Health and Environmental, Epigenetics Team), Faculty of Sciences and Techniques (Errachidia, UMI), Moroccan Center for Culture and Sciences, University Moulay Ismail, Meknes 50050, Morocco
4
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Będzińska Street 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
5
Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies of Tangier, University Abdelmalek Essaadi, Tetouan 93000, Morocco
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2023, 15(22), 3906; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15223906
Submission received: 24 September 2023 / Revised: 27 October 2023 / Accepted: 28 October 2023 / Published: 8 November 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydraulic and Water Resources Research)
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Abstract

Quantifying variation in precipitation and drought in the context of a changing climate is important to assess climate-induced changes and propose feasible mitigation strategies, particularly in agrarian economies. This study investigates the main characteristics and historical drought trend for the period 1980–2016 using the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI), Standard Precipitation Evaporation Index (SPEI), Run Theory and Mann–Kendall Trend Test at seven stations across the Upper Draa Basin. The results indicate that rainfall has the largest magnitude over the M’semrir and Agouim (>218 mm/pa) and the lowest in the Agouilal, Mansour Eddahbi Dam, and Assaka subregions (104 mm–134 mm/pa). The annual rainfall exhibited high variability with a coefficient of variation between 35−57% and was positively related to altitude with a correlation coefficient of 0.86. However, no significant annual rainfall trend was detected for all stations. The drought analysis results showed severe drought in 1981–1984, 2000–2001, and 2013–2014, with 2001 being the driest year during the study period and over 75% of both SPEI and SPI values returned drought. Conversely, wet years were experienced in 1988–1990 and 2007–2010, with 1989 being the wettest year. The drought frequency was low (<19%) across all the timescales considered for both SPI and SPEI, with Mansour Eddahbi Dam and Assaka recording the highest frequencies for SPI-3 and SPEI-3, respectively.
Keywords: drought; standardized precipitation index; standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index; precipitation trend; Upper Draa Basin drought; standardized precipitation index; standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index; precipitation trend; Upper Draa Basin

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MDPI and ACS Style

El Qorchi, F.; Yacoubi Khebiza, M.; Omondi, O.A.; Karmaoui, A.; Pham, Q.B.; Acharki, S. Analyzing Temporal Patterns of Temperature, Precipitation, and Drought Incidents: A Comprehensive Study of Environmental Trends in the Upper Draa Basin, Morocco. Water 2023, 15, 3906. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15223906

AMA Style

El Qorchi F, Yacoubi Khebiza M, Omondi OA, Karmaoui A, Pham QB, Acharki S. Analyzing Temporal Patterns of Temperature, Precipitation, and Drought Incidents: A Comprehensive Study of Environmental Trends in the Upper Draa Basin, Morocco. Water. 2023; 15(22):3906. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15223906

Chicago/Turabian Style

El Qorchi, Fadoua, Mohammed Yacoubi Khebiza, Onyango Augustine Omondi, Ahmed Karmaoui, Quoc Bao Pham, and Siham Acharki. 2023. "Analyzing Temporal Patterns of Temperature, Precipitation, and Drought Incidents: A Comprehensive Study of Environmental Trends in the Upper Draa Basin, Morocco" Water 15, no. 22: 3906. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15223906

APA Style

El Qorchi, F., Yacoubi Khebiza, M., Omondi, O. A., Karmaoui, A., Pham, Q. B., & Acharki, S. (2023). Analyzing Temporal Patterns of Temperature, Precipitation, and Drought Incidents: A Comprehensive Study of Environmental Trends in the Upper Draa Basin, Morocco. Water, 15(22), 3906. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15223906

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