Life History Traits of the Stygophilous Amphipod Synurella ambulans in the Hyporheic Zone of the Lower Reaches of the Upper Sava River (Croatia)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Distribution Patterns and Ecology of Synurella ambulans
1.2. Amphipod Life History Strategy in the Subterranean Environment
1.3. Methodology for Life History Analyses
1.4. The Aims of the Research
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sample Collection and Field Measurements
2.3. Laboratory Measurements
2.3.1. Determination of Environmental Parameters
2.3.2. Amphipod Measurements
2.4. Data Analysis
2.4.1. Cohort and Growth Analyses
2.4.2. Mortality and Longevity
2.4.3. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA)
3. Results
3.1. Population Structure
3.2. Length-Frequency Analysis
3.3. Cohorts and Growth
3.4. Mortality
3.5. Relationship between Environmental Parameters and Gender/Ontogeny Classes’ Abundance
4. Discussion
4.1. Life Cycle
4.2. Growth and Mortality
4.3. Environmental Factors and Life History Traits of S. ambulans
4.4. Advantages and Limitations of Length-Based Methods for Amphipod Studies
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Body Length (mm) | Sex Ratio (F:M) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Females | Males | ||||||||
n | Min–Max | Mean | ±SD | n | Min–Max | Mean | ±SD | ||
Winter | 26 | 3.30–6.00 | 4.39 | 0.50 | 65 | 2.65–4.15 | 3.38 | 0.32 | 0.40:1 * |
Spring | 40 | 2.80–6.00 | 5.16 | 1.04 | 118 | 2.40–4.50 | 3.70 | 0.38 | 0.34:1 * |
Summer | 15 | 2.80–4.10 | 3.26 | 0.49 | 131 | 1.75–4.50 | 2.78 | 0.55 | 0.11:1 * |
Autumn | 104 | 2.80–5.10 | 3.97 | 0.54 | 117 | 2.30–4.00 | 3.28 | 0.40 | 0.89:1 |
Total | 185 | 2.80–6.00 | 4.20 | 0.79 | 431 | 1.75–4.50 | 3.29 | 0.38 | 0.43:1 * |
Total Body Length (mm) | Sex Ratio (F:M) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Females | Males | ||||||||
n | Min–Max | Mean | ±SD | n | Min–Max | Mean | ±SD | ||
Winter | 20 | 4.13–5.78 | 4.92 | 0.50 | 83 | 3.00–5.00 | 3.77 | 0.34 | 0.24:1 * |
Spring | 29 | 4.20–6.38 | 5.43 | 0.41 | 195 | 2.75–4.80 | 3.84 | 0.35 | 0.15:1 * |
Summer | 85 | 2.10–4.50 | 3.03 | 0.59 | 179 | 1.80–4.62 | 2.94 | 0.63 | 0.47:1 * |
Autumn | 62 | 2.75–4.90 | 3.83 | 0.54 | 239 | 1.80–4.40 | 2.99 | 0.48 | 0.26:1 * |
Total | 196 | 2.10–6.38 | 4.30 | 1.08 | 696 | 1.80–5.00 | 3.39 | 0.49 | 0.28:1 * |
Jarun | Medsave | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Growth Parameters | Females (n = 185) | Males (n = 431) | Combined Sex (n = 616) | Females (n = 196) | Males (n = 696) | Combined Sex (n = 892) |
Growth coefficient (K) (year−1) | 0.92 | 0.59 | 1.50 | 0.34 | 1.20 | 0.50 |
Hypothetical age at zero size (t0) (year) | −0.57 | −0.36 | −0.75 | −0.14 | −0.64 | −0.31 |
Asymptotic length (L∞) (mm) | 6.30 | 5.40 | 4.40 | 7.20 | 4.00 | 6.60 |
Longevity (tmax) (year) | 3.26 | 5.08 | 2.00 | 8.82 | 2.50 | 6.00 |
Growth index φ′ | 1.56 | 1.23 | 1.46 | 1.25 | 1.28 | 1.34 |
Species | Sex | Mean Size (mm) | L∞ (mm) | K (year−1) | t0 (year) | M or Z (year−1) | Sampling Period | Location | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gammarus wilkitzkii ** | Females | 19.5–49.7 | 64.6 | 0.48 | Summer 1994 | Franz Josef Land, Arctic | [120] | ||
Males | 62.3 (max) (min–max) | 69.2 | 0.47 | ||||||
Nototropis minikoi ** | Females | 5.12 ± 0.59 | June 2015 | Campechen Lagoon, Quintana Roo, Caribbean Sea, Mexico | [82] | ||||
Males | 4.04 ± 0.42 | ||||||||
Sex combined | 0.94–6.34 (min–max) | 6.66 | 0.67 | 0.18 | / | ||||
Pseudoichestoidea brasiliensis ** | Females | 7.3–12.2 (min–max) | May 1996–December 1997 | Arachani beach, Uruguay | [80] | ||||
Males | |||||||||
Sex combined | 8.74 3–12.2 (min–max) | 11.64 | 1.61 | −0.175 | 2.35 (M) | ||||
Females | 7.8–12.1 (min–max) | Barra del Chuy beach, Uruguay | |||||||
Males | |||||||||
Sex combined | 8.92 3–12.2 (min–max) | 11.27 | 1.88 | −0.175 | 2.47 (M) | ||||
Synurella ambulans * | Females | 4.23 ± 0.87 | 6.75 + | 0.63 | −0.36 | 0.86 (M) | Winter 2018–autumn 2019 | Sava River, Croatia | Present study |
Males | 3.26 ± 0.56 | 4.70 + | 0.90 | −0.50 | 2.70 (M) | ||||
Sex combined | 3.28 ± 0.96 | 5.50 + | 1.00 | −0.53 | 1.25 (M) | ||||
Waldeckia obesa ** | Females | 5–31 (min–max) sex combined | 7.47 | 0.50 | (0.27/year) (Z) | January–March 1998 | eastern Weddell Sea, Antarctic | [66] | |
Males | 6.92 | 0.60 | (0.43/year) (Z) |
Jarun | Medsave | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | Females | Males | Combined Sex | Females | Males | Combined Sex |
Total mortality (Z, year−1) | 3.13 | 4.60 | 3.48 | 1.77 | 1.92 | 2.10 |
Natural mortality (M, year−1) | 1.96 | 1.53 | 2.98 | 0.99 | 2.65 | 1.30 |
M/Z (%) | 62.62 | 33.26 | 85.63 | 55.93 | 138.02 | 61.90 |
M/K | 2.13 | 2.59 | 1.99 | 2.91 | 2.21 | 2.60 |
Z/K | 3.40 | 7.80 | 2.32 | 5.21 | 1.60 | 4.20 |
Annual mean temp. (°C) | 14.99 | 15.10 |
Study Site | Jarun | Medsave | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Season | Winter | Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter | Spring | Summer | Autumn |
Position (m) | 0.22 ± 0.73 −0.30–3.00 | 0.83 ± 1.35 0.00–3.00 | 0.14 ± 0.07 0.00–0.20 | 1.86 ± 2.05 0.10–5.50 | 1.34 ± 2.29 0.30–8.00 | 0.16 ± 0.69 −0.30–2.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00–0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.00 0.10–0.10 |
Depth (cm) | 65.28 ± 4.23 57–70 | 56.88 ± 4.32 50–65 | 51.50 ± 2.07 49–55 | 56.38 ± 8.75 45–65 | 65.43 ± 1.34 62–67 | 54.00 ± 1.15 52–56 | 51.25 ± 0.96 50–52 | 48.67 ± 3.21 45–51 |
WT (°C) | 12.97 ± 0.77 12.30–13.80 | 12.66 ± 0.06 12.55–12.75 | 16.35 ± 0.16 16.00–16.50 | 16.56 ± 0.76 16.10–18.40 | 10.84 ± 0.94 9.50–11.50 | 12.14 ± 0.04 12.10–12.20 | 23.30 ± 0.00 23.30.−23.30 | 14.50 ± 0.00 14.50–14.50 |
DO (mg O2 L−1) | 6.09 ± 0.94 5.07–6.91 | 5.72 ± 0.16 5.45–5.88 | 4.37 ± 0.10 4.20–4.50 | 6.45 ± 1.46 4.40–7.59 | 8.41 ± 1.17 7.64–10.18 | 5.73 ± 0.15 5.50–5.90 | 6.04 ± 0.14 5.90–6.20 | 8.94 ± 0.02 8.92–8.95 |
Sat (%) | 44.63 ± 24.24 18.30–65.70 | 56.35 ± 1.38 54.60 ± 58.60 | 44.50 ± 1.41 43–47 | 65.90–14.43 45–77 | 77.24 ± 8.06 72.20–89.50 | 56.59 ± 1.21 54.90–58.60 | 6.04 ± 0.14 5.90–6.20 | 8.94 ± 0.02 8.92–8.95 |
pH | 8.05 ± 0.07 7.97–8.11 | 7.45 ± 0.04 7.39–7.52 | 7.42 ± 0.05 7.30–7.46 | 7.80 ± 0.24 7.51–8.00 | 8.30 ± 0.09 8.24–8.44 | 8.33 ± 0.04 8.25–8.37 | 8.51 ± 0.08 8.40–8.58 | 7.96 ± 0.06 7.92–8.03 |
Cond (µS cm−1) | 541 ± 27.61 517–571 | 578.75 ± 2.31 575–580 | 584.88 ± 1.55 583–587 | 576.25 ± 42.25 522–634 | 447.86 ± 39.57 388–488 | 420 ± 2.38 418–425 | 431 ± 1.29 430–433 | 439 ± 1.73 437–440 |
Alk (mg CaCO3 L−1) | 261.67 ± 15.34 245–275 | 278.13 ± 3.72 270–280 | 212.50 ± 8.02 200–225 | 279.38 ± 10.92 265–290 | 242.86 ± 11.72 225–250 | 157.25 ± 0.26 157–157.50 | 201.75 ± 2.36 200–205 | 215 ± 25.98 200–245 |
TWH (mg CaCO3 L−1) | 225.27 ± 7.28 218.94–233.18 | 277.68 ± 0.00 | 270.56 ± 0.00 | 235 ± 33.38 202.92–267.00 | 242.08 ± 0.00 | 243.86 ± 0.00 | 137.06 ± 0.00 | 267.00 ± 0.00 |
P-PO43− (mg L−1) | 0.08 ± 0.02 0.06–0.10 | 0.24 ± 0.00 | 0.17 ± 0.00 | 0.16 ± 0.05 0.08–0.20 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.00 |
N-NO2− (mg L−1) | 0.12 ± 0.02 0.10–0.13 | 0.18 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.14 ± 0.01 0.12–0.15 | 0.14 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 0.16 ± 0.00 |
N-NO3− (mg L−1) | 0.69 ± 0.10 0.60–0.80 | 1.96 ± 0.00 | 0.24 ± 0.00 | 1.53 ± 0.86 0.65–2.34 | 0.46 ± 0.00 | 2.31 ± 0.00 | 1.48 ± 0.00 | 2.72 ± 0.00 |
COD (mg O2 L−1) | 1.76 ± 0.08 1.69–1.85 | 5.34 ± 0.00 | 2.55 ± 0.00 | 2.63 ± 0.97 1.69–3.54 | 1.89 ± 0.00 | 3.77 ± 0.00 | 5.07 ± 0.00 | 4.48 ± 0.00 |
DOC (mg L−1) | 0.63 ± 0.02 0.60–0.65 | 0.82 ± 0.00 | 0.70 ± 0.00 | 0.90 ± 0.00 | 1.36 ± 0.00 | 1.37 ± 0.00 | 1.37 ± 0.00 | 0.94 ± 0.00 |
POC (mg L−1) | 0.71 ± 0.15 0.55–0.84 | 0.59 ± 0.00 | 0.91 ± 0.00 | 2.63 ± 0.00 | 0.13 ± 0.00 | 0.37 ± 0.20 0.13–0.52 | 0.56 ± 0.05 0.52–0.62 | 0.69 ± 0.00 |
TOC (%) | 2.32 ± 0.00 | 1.77 ± 0.00 | 1.92 ± 0.00 | 1.73 ± 0.00 | 1.07 ± 0.00 | 2.68 ± 0.00 | 2.97 ± 0.00 | 2.83 ± 0.00 |
PC1 | PC2 | |
---|---|---|
Eigen values | 4.63 | 3.69 |
% of variance | 27.2 | 21.7 |
Position | −0.067 | 0.206 |
Depth | −0.163 | 0.366 |
WT | 0.164 | −0.26 |
DO | −0.31 | 0.193 |
Sat | −0.226 | 0.073 |
pH | −0.432 | −0.097 |
Cond | 0.406 | 0.191 |
Alk | 0.156 | 0.404 |
TWH | 0.209 | 0.114 |
P-PO43− | 0.381 | 0.008 |
N-NO2− | 0.077 | 0.313 |
N-NO3− | 0.076 | −0.323 |
COD | 0.136 | −0.31 |
DOC | −0.332 | −0.159 |
POC | 0.27 | 0 |
TOC | 0.044 | −0.402 |
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Gottstein, S.; Redžović, Z.; Erk, M.; Sertić Perić, M.; Dautović, J.; Cindrić, M. Life History Traits of the Stygophilous Amphipod Synurella ambulans in the Hyporheic Zone of the Lower Reaches of the Upper Sava River (Croatia). Water 2023, 15, 3188. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15183188
Gottstein S, Redžović Z, Erk M, Sertić Perić M, Dautović J, Cindrić M. Life History Traits of the Stygophilous Amphipod Synurella ambulans in the Hyporheic Zone of the Lower Reaches of the Upper Sava River (Croatia). Water. 2023; 15(18):3188. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15183188
Chicago/Turabian StyleGottstein, Sanja, Zuzana Redžović, Marijana Erk, Mirela Sertić Perić, Jelena Dautović, and Mario Cindrić. 2023. "Life History Traits of the Stygophilous Amphipod Synurella ambulans in the Hyporheic Zone of the Lower Reaches of the Upper Sava River (Croatia)" Water 15, no. 18: 3188. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15183188