Impact of EU Environmental Policy Implementation on the Quality and Status of Greek Rivers
1
Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, 19013 Attika, Greece
2
Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Matthias Zessner
Water 2021, 13(13), 1858; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131858
Received: 27 May 2021
/
Revised: 24 June 2021
/
Accepted: 30 June 2021
/
Published: 3 July 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The WFD 20 Years After—Ecological Status Assessment and Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems)
Based on historical and WFD-compliant data, the recent inter-annual ecological status and the long-term chemical-physicochemical quality trends of eighteen characteristic Greek rivers have been assessed and interpreted in view of implementing EU environmental policies and the evolution of human pressures. Considering predominating poor ecological status in most of the river outflows, the strengths and weaknesses of the WFD implementation have been highlighted. The long-term decrease of ammonium and nitrite concentrations along with relatively low recent BOD5 levels, indicate a general improvement of WWTP infrastructure in Greece and the other riparian countries, whereas the improvement of nitrate quality is attributed to the reduction of fertilizers use, and possibly, to the successful application of the Nitrates Directive in certain basins. Despite capacity building in governance and administrative infrastructure the recent years, River Basin Management Plans (RBMPs) are being implemented centrally, largely mechanistically, with minor public participation. Regarding WFD implementation weaknesses and gaps, concrete proposals have been formulated considering both policy/administrative and technical issues. To efficiently conserve and restore aquatic ecosystems, the forthcoming RBMPs should be consistent with ecosystem services principles focusing on nature-based solutions, along with changing attitudes of the state authorities and the public.
View Full-Text
Keywords:
Greece; WFD; chemical-physicochemical quality; ecological status; River Basin Management Plans; restoration; EU legislation; environmental policy
▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
MDPI and ACS Style
Skoulikidis, N.T.; Karaouzas, I.; Amaxidis, Y.; Lazaridou, M. Impact of EU Environmental Policy Implementation on the Quality and Status of Greek Rivers. Water 2021, 13, 1858. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131858
AMA Style
Skoulikidis NT, Karaouzas I, Amaxidis Y, Lazaridou M. Impact of EU Environmental Policy Implementation on the Quality and Status of Greek Rivers. Water. 2021; 13(13):1858. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131858
Chicago/Turabian StyleSkoulikidis, Nikolaos Theodor, Ioannis Karaouzas, Yorgos Amaxidis, and Maria Lazaridou. 2021. "Impact of EU Environmental Policy Implementation on the Quality and Status of Greek Rivers" Water 13, no. 13: 1858. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131858
Find Other Styles
Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.
