Social Hydrological Analysis for Poverty Reduction in Community-Managed Water Resources Systems in Cambodia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Stung Chinit Case Study
2.2. Qualitative Analysis on Poverty and Inequality Context
2.3. Survey Development and Implementation
2.3.1. Wealth Index
2.3.2. Gender Analysis from Survey
2.4. Quantitative Analysis on WEAP
Model and Scenario Reformulation
3. Results
3.1. Summary of Literature Review and Key Informant Interviews
3.1.1. Lack of Integration of Policies across Scales Could Increase Inequalities
3.1.2. Competing Uses of Water Resources for Energy, Agriculture, and Fishery Compromise Local Food Security and Entrench Inequality
3.1.3. Relative Location in the Watershed and Irrigation Schemes Can Exacerbate Inequalities
3.1.4. Inclusive Participation and Institutional Coordination Can Contribute to Sustainable Management
3.1.5. Lack of Inclusion Efforts in Institutionalized Water Management Further Disadvantages Women
3.2. Survey Indicators and Wealth Index
3.2.1. Drinking and Domestic
3.2.2. Rice Production
3.2.3. Fishing and Livestock
3.2.4. Gender Data Disaggregation for Gender Analysis
3.3. WEAP Model Refinements and Results
3.3.1. Refinement of Irrigation Water Access
3.3.2. Refinement of Rice Cropping and Modeled Scenarios
3.3.3. WEAP Model Output Comparison
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Scale | Name |
---|---|
National Government | Freshwater Wetlands Conservation, Ministry of Environment (MoE) |
Department of Rural Water Supply at the Ministry of Rural Development (MRD) | |
Department of Gender and Equality and Department of Women and Education, Ministry of Women’s Affairs (MoWA) | |
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) | |
Tonle Sap Authority (TSA) | |
Provincial Government | Agriculture Irrigation Office of Provincial Department of Water Resources and Methodology |
Local Government | Stung Chinit Cheung Farmer Water User Committee (FWUC) |
Beung Commune | |
Local Organization | Beung Touk Fishery Community |
Beung Kroy Fishery Community | |
Veal O’Kdey Community Forest | |
NGOs | Winrock International |
Cambodia Development Resource Institute | |
Oxfam Cambodia |
Total | Upper Watershed | Middle Watershed | Lower Watershed | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Households | 110,668 | 3612 | 58,235 | 48,821 |
Sample Households | 800 | 270 | 270 | 270 |
Total | Upper Watershed | Middle Watershed | Lower Watershed | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sample Villages | 45 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
HHs per village | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
Poverty Dimension | Water Use Sector | Indicator Name | Description | Unit of Measurement |
---|---|---|---|---|
Resources | Drinking and Domestic | R1. Drinking water availability | Proportion of households who in the past twelve months had enough drinking water availability | Percentage (overall sample) |
Rice Production | R2. Water availability for irrigation | Proportion of households who had enough water for irrigation the past year | Percentage in relation to households that practiced agriculture | |
Fishing | R3. Resources from fishing | Proportion of households who had resources from fishing for food provision | Percentage in relation to households that fished | |
Livestock | R4. Resources from livestock | Proportion of households who had resources from livestock, such as income and/or food provision | Percentage in relation to households that had livestock | |
Opportunities and Choice | Drinking and Domestic | O1. Time collecting water | Proportion of households who spend no time or less than 30 min collecting water | Percentage (overall sample) |
Rice Production | O2. Water access for irrigation | Proportion of households who had access to rice irrigation for subsistence | Percentage in relation to households that practiced agriculture | |
Fishing | O3. Access to fishing | Proportion of households who had access to fishing | Percentage (overall sample) | |
Livestock | O4. Water access for livestock | Proportion of households who had enough water for livestock in the past twelve months | Percentage in relation to households that had livestock | |
Power and Voice | Drinking and Domestic | P1. Water supply decisions at the household level | Proportion of households where decisions about water supply were made by female HHH/male HHH and spouse | Percentage (overall sample) |
Rice Production | P2. Access to the FWUC | Proportion of households who had access to FWUC | Percentage (overall sample) | |
Fishing | P3. Fishing activities decisions at the household level | Proportion of households where decisions about fishing activities were made by female HHH/male HHH and spouse | Percentage in relation to households that fished | |
Livestock | P4. Livestock activities decisions at the household level | Proportion of households where decisions about livestock activities were made by female HHH/male HHH and spouse | Percentage in relation to households that had livestock | |
Human Security | Drinking and Domestic | H1. Food shortage | Proportion of households who did not have food shortages in the past twelve months | Percentage (overall sample) |
Rice Production | H2. Natural disasters’ effects on agriculture | Proportion of households who did not suffer some effects of natural disasters on agriculture the past twelve months | Percentage in relation to households that practiced agriculture | |
Fishing | H3. Natural disasters’ effects | Proportion of households who did not suffer some effects of natural disasters the past twelve months | Percentage (overall sample) | |
Livestock | H4. Natural disasters’ effects on livestock activities | Proportion of households who did not suffer some effects of natural disasters on livestock the past twelve months | Percentage in relation to households that had livestock |
N | Variable | Explanation |
---|---|---|
1 | WI_MEMBERS ROOM | Number of people per bedroom |
2 | WI_ELECTR | Home had electricity |
3 | WI_RADIO | Home had a radio |
4 | WI_TV | Home had a television |
5 | WI_FURN | Home had furniture (bed, chairs, table, sofa, closet) |
6 | WI_SOUND_EQ | Home had a mini-component or sound equipment |
7 | WI_BIKE | Home had a bike |
8 | WI_OVEN | Home had a kitchen (gas, electric, etc.), oven |
9 | WI_WATER_PUMP | Home had a water pump |
10 | WI_MOTORBIKE | Home had a motorbike |
11 | WI_H_TRACTOR | Home had a hand tractor |
12 | WI_F_BACKPACK | Home had a fumigation backpack |
13 | WI_COOK_LPGGAS | Type of fuel house mainly used was LPG |
14 | WI_COOK_STICKS | Type of fuel the house mainly used was wood or fuel sticks |
15 | WI_FL_CEMENT | Main floor material was concrete or cement |
16 | WI_FL_TILE | Main floor material was tile, ceramic, or mosaic |
17 | WI_FL_WOOD | Main floor material was wood |
18 | WI_ROOF_METAL | Main roof material was galvanized iron, aluminum, or other metal sheets |
19 | WI_ROOF_TILE | Main roof material was tile |
20 | WI_WALL_CEMENT | Main wall material was brick, concrete, cement, or stone |
21 | WI_WALL_WOOD | Main wall material was wood, logs, or plywood |
22 | WI_WALL_METAL | Main wall material was galvanized iron, aluminum, or other metal sheets |
23 | WI_GARB_BURN | Usual way to dispose of garbage was to burn it |
Scenario Name | Rice Crop Schedule | Prioritize Different Demands | Irrigation Access |
---|---|---|---|
S1: Baseline | Baseline | During shortages, ensured supply to irrigation as a priority; no flow requirement implemented | Assumed equal access across groups |
S2: ICS 1 | Groups 1, 2, and 5 grew wet season, early wet season, and dry season rice; all other groups remained as in the baseline | ||
S3: ICS + FR_Q95 1 | During shortages, ensured 95 percentile flow downstream of irrigation diversions as a priority | ||
S4: Baseline + MDPA 1 | Baseline | During shortages, ensured supply to irrigation as a priority; no flow requirement implemented | Represented poverty and gender survey-based inequity in access across groups |
S5: ICS + MDPA 1 | Groups 1, 2, and 5 grew wet season, early wet season, and dry season rice; all other groups remained as in the baseline | ||
S6: ICS + FR_Q95 + MDPA 1 | During shortages, ensured 95 percentile flow downstream of irrigation diversions as a priority |
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Forni, L.; Bresney, S.; Espinoza, S.; Lavado, A.; Mautner, M.R.; Yi-Chen Han, J.; Nguyen, H.; Sreyphea, C.; Uniacke, P.; Villarroel, L.; et al. Social Hydrological Analysis for Poverty Reduction in Community-Managed Water Resources Systems in Cambodia. Water 2021, 13, 1848. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131848
Forni L, Bresney S, Espinoza S, Lavado A, Mautner MR, Yi-Chen Han J, Nguyen H, Sreyphea C, Uniacke P, Villarroel L, et al. Social Hydrological Analysis for Poverty Reduction in Community-Managed Water Resources Systems in Cambodia. Water. 2021; 13(13):1848. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131848
Chicago/Turabian StyleForni, Laura, Susan Bresney, Sophia Espinoza, Angela Lavado, Marina RL Mautner, Jenny Yi-Chen Han, Ha Nguyen, Chap Sreyphea, Paula Uniacke, Luis Villarroel, and et al. 2021. "Social Hydrological Analysis for Poverty Reduction in Community-Managed Water Resources Systems in Cambodia" Water 13, no. 13: 1848. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131848
APA StyleForni, L., Bresney, S., Espinoza, S., Lavado, A., Mautner, M. R., Yi-Chen Han, J., Nguyen, H., Sreyphea, C., Uniacke, P., Villarroel, L., Lindberg, M., Resurrección, B. P., & Huber-Lee, A. (2021). Social Hydrological Analysis for Poverty Reduction in Community-Managed Water Resources Systems in Cambodia. Water, 13(13), 1848. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131848