Lightning Cessation Guidance Using Polarimetric Radar Data and Lightning Mapping Array in the Washington, D.C. Area
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
2.1. Lightning Data
2.2. Radar and Environmental Data
2.3. Lightning Flash Algorithm
2.4. Simulating Case Studies
- 1.
- ZH ≥ 40 dBZ
- 2.
- ZH ≥ 35 dBZ
- 3.
- presence of graupel
- 4.
- presence of graupel with ZH ≥ 40 dBZ
- 5.
- presence of graupel with ZH ≥ 35 dBZ
3. Results and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lightning Ended | Lightning Ongoing | |
---|---|---|
Advisory Ended | Hit | False Alarm |
Advisory Ongoing | Miss | Null |
Temp Level (oC) | Wait Time | dBZ ≥ 40 | dBZ ≥ 35 | Graupel | Graupel + dBZ ≥ 40 | Graupel + dBZ ≥ 35 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 5 min | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
10 min | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
15 min | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
−5 | 5 min | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
10 min | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
15 min | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
−10 | 5 min | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
10 min | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
15 min | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
−15 | 5 min | 0.94 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
10 min | 0.95 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
15 min | 0.95 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
−20 | 5 min | 0.86 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
10 min | 0.89 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
15 min | 0.90 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Temp Level (oC) | Wait Time | dBZ ≥ 40 | dBZ ≥ 35 | Graupel | Graupel + dBZ ≥ 40 | Graupel + dBZ ≥ 35 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 5 min | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
10 min | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
15 min | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
−5 | 5 min | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
10 min | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
15 min | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
−10 | 5 min | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
10 min | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
15 min | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
−15 | 5 min | 0.23 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
10 min | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
15 min | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
−20 | 5 min | 0.43 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 |
10 min | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.04 | |
15 min | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Temp Level (oC) | Wait Time | dBZ ≥ 40 | dBZ ≥ 35 | Graupel | Graupel + dBZ ≥ 40 | Graupel + dBZ ≥ 35 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 5 min | 0.96 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
10 min | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
15 min | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
−5 | 5 min | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
10 min | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
15 min | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
−10 | 5 min | 0.87 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.96 |
10 min | 0.87 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
15 min | 0.96 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
−15 | 5 min | 0.74 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.96 |
10 min | 0.87 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
15 min | 0.91 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
−20 | 5 min | 0.52 | 0.87 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.91 |
10 min | 0.74 | 0.96 | 0.91 | 0.96 | 0.96 | |
15 min | 0.83 | 1.00 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Temp Level (oC) | Wait Time | dBZ ≥ 40 | dBZ ≥ 35 | Graupel | Graupel + dBZ ≥ 40 | Graupel + dBZ ≥ 35 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 5 min | 4–46 (21) | 4–51 (25) | 4–51 (25) | 4–51 (25) | |
10 min | 5–47 (21) | 9–82 (29) | 9–56 (30) | 9–56 (30) | 9–82 (33) | |
15 min | 10–52 (26) | 14–87 (34) | 14–61 (35) | 14–61 (35) | 14–87 (38) | |
−5 | 5 min | 1–35 (14) | 4–44 (18) | 4–39 (19) | 4–39 (19) | 4–44 (20) |
10 min | 6–40 (19) | 9–82 (25) | 9–44 (24) | 9–44 (24) | 9–82 (27) | |
15 min | 11–45 (24) | 14–87 (30) | 14–49 (29) | 14–49 (29) | 14–87 (32) | |
−10 | 5 min | |||||
10 min | 5–39 (19) | 5–44 (23) | 5–44 (23) | 5–44 (23) | ||
15 min | 10–44 (24) | 10–49 (28) | 10–49 (30) | 10–49 (28) | ||
−15 | 5 min | |||||
10 min | 5–33 (19) | 5–33 (19) | 5–41 (20) | |||
15 min | 5–46 (23) | 10–38 (24) | 10–83 (27) | 10–46 (25) | ||
−20 | 5 min | |||||
10 min | ||||||
15 min | 4–83 (20) | 5–37 (20) | 5–83 (23) |
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Drugan, J.J.; Preston, A.D. Lightning Cessation Guidance Using Polarimetric Radar Data and Lightning Mapping Array in the Washington, D.C. Area. Atmosphere 2022, 13, 1111. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13071111
Drugan JJ, Preston AD. Lightning Cessation Guidance Using Polarimetric Radar Data and Lightning Mapping Array in the Washington, D.C. Area. Atmosphere. 2022; 13(7):1111. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13071111
Chicago/Turabian StyleDrugan, John J., and Ari D. Preston. 2022. "Lightning Cessation Guidance Using Polarimetric Radar Data and Lightning Mapping Array in the Washington, D.C. Area" Atmosphere 13, no. 7: 1111. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13071111