Diurnal and Seasonal Variation of Area-Fugitive Methane Advective Flux from an Open-Pit Mining Facility in Northern Canada Using WRF
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Objectives
2. Methodology
2.1. WRF Model Set-Up
2.2. Methane Transport in WRF
2.3. Flux Calculation
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Diurnal and Seasonal Variation of Advective Flux
3.2. Methane Plume Visualization
3.3. Model Evaluation against Aircraft Observations
3.4. Sources of Uncertainty
4. Discussion
4.1. Conclusions
4.2. Implications
4.3. Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Category | Configuration Option |
---|---|
Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) | MYJ [54] |
Microphysics | Thompson Scheme [55] (d01, d02, and d03 only) |
Longwave radiation | RRTMG [56] |
Shortwave radiation | RRTMG [56] |
Cumulus scheme | Tiedtke Scheme [57] (d01, d02, and d03 only) |
Surface Layer (SL) | Monin–Obukhov Eta Similarity Scheme [54] |
Land Surface (LS) model | Noah Land Surface Model [58] |
Time | Flux Difference | t | p | NH | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Mine 2018 minus Pond 2018 (M18−P18) | 0.131 | 1.248 | 0.212756 | A |
Mine 2018 minus Mine 2019 (M18−M19) | 0.356 | 3.909 | 0.000106 | R | |
Mine 2019 minus Pond 2019 (M19−P19) | 0.542 | 10.107 | 0.000001 | R | |
Pond 2018 minus Pond 2019 (P18−P19) | 0.747 | 7.090 | 0.000001 | R | |
0000–0400 | Mine 2018 minus Pond2018 (M18−P18) | −0.618 | −4.250 | 0.000059 | R |
Mine 2018 minus Mine 2019 (M18−M19) | −1.238 | −12.224 | 0.000001 | R | |
Mine 2019 minus Pond 2019 (M19−P19) | 0.585 | 6.221 | 0.000001 | R | |
Pond 2018 minus Pond 2019 (P18−P19) | −0.204 | −1.634 | 0.106262 | A | |
0400–0800 | Mine 2018 minus Pond 2018 (M18−P18) | −0.261 | −1.653 | 0.102335 | A |
Mine 2018 minus Mine 2019 (M18−M19) | −0.924 | −7.901 | 0.000001 | R | |
Mine 2019 minus Pond 2019 (M19−P19) | 0.894 | 8.545 | 0.000000 | R | |
Pond 2018 minus Pond 2019 (P18−P19) | 0.223 | 1.676 | 0.097836 | A | |
0800–1200 | Mine 2018 minus Pond 2018 (M18−P18) | 0.158 | 0.769 | 0.443962 | A |
Mine 2018 minus Mine 2019 (M18−M19) | 0.540 | 2.749 | 0.007422 | R | |
Mine 2019 minus Pond 2019 (M19−P19) | 0.720 | 5.891 | 0.000001 | R | |
Pond 2018 minus Pond 2019 (P18−P19) | 1.037 | 4.778 | 0.000008 | R | |
1200–1600 | Mine 2018 minus Pond 2018 (M18−P18) | 0.313 | 2.657 | 0.009570 | R |
Mine 2018 minus Mine 2019 (M18−M19) | 1.256 | 10.477 | 0.000000 | R | |
Mine 2019 minus Pond 2019 (M19−P19) | 0.111 | 0.610 | 0.543310 | A | |
Pond 2018 minus Pond 2019 (P18−P19) | 1.124 | 6.506 | 0.000001 | R | |
1600–2000 | Mine 2018 minus Pond 2018 (M18 − P18) | 0.086 | 0.498 | 0.619959 | A |
Mine 2018 minus Mine 2019 (M18−M19) | 0.749 | 5.251 | 0.000001 | R | |
Mine 2019 minus Pond 2019 (M19−P19) | 0.280 | 2.159 | 0.033945 | R | |
Pond 2018 minus Pond 2019 (P18−P19) | 0.911 | 4.143 | 0.000086 | R | |
2000–2400 | Mine 2018 minus Pond 2018 (M18 − P18) | −0.103 | −0.518 | 0.605774 | A |
Mine 2018 minus Mine 2019 (M18−M19) | −0.796 | −6.542 | 0.000001 | R | |
Mine 2019 minus Pond 2019 (M19−P19) | 0.688 | 5.717 | 0.000000 | R | |
Pond 2018 minus Pond 2019 (P18−P19) | −0.022 | −0.114 | 0.909626 | A |
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Nambiar, M.K.; Robe, F.R.; Seguin, A.M.; Endsin, M.; Aliabadi, A.A. Diurnal and Seasonal Variation of Area-Fugitive Methane Advective Flux from an Open-Pit Mining Facility in Northern Canada Using WRF. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 1227. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111227
Nambiar MK, Robe FR, Seguin AM, Endsin M, Aliabadi AA. Diurnal and Seasonal Variation of Area-Fugitive Methane Advective Flux from an Open-Pit Mining Facility in Northern Canada Using WRF. Atmosphere. 2020; 11(11):1227. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111227
Chicago/Turabian StyleNambiar, Manoj K., Françoise R. Robe, Alison M. Seguin, Matthew Endsin, and Amir A. Aliabadi. 2020. "Diurnal and Seasonal Variation of Area-Fugitive Methane Advective Flux from an Open-Pit Mining Facility in Northern Canada Using WRF" Atmosphere 11, no. 11: 1227. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111227