Allergic Rhinitis: Association with Air Pollution and Weather Changes, and Comparison with That of Allergic Conjunctivitis in Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Inclusion of Subjects
2.2. Environmental Monitoring Data
2.3. Data Management and Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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AC † | AR | |
---|---|---|
Total | 100,636 | 140,365 |
Age (Mean ± SD) | 27.60 ± 21.06 | 31.41 ± 21.49 |
n (%) | n (%) | |
Sex | ||
Male | 44,049 (43.8) | 65,469 (46.6) |
Female | 56,587 (56.2) | 74,896 (53.4) |
p-value a | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Age | ||
0–6 | 18,971 (18.9) | 23,205 (16.5) |
7–18 | 25,366 (25.2) | 24,320 (17.3) |
19–49 | 38,676 (38.4) | 62,699 (44.7) |
≥50 | 17,623 (17.5) | 30,141 (21.5) |
p-value b | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Season | ||
Spring | 29,815 (29.6) | 37,416 (26.7) |
Summer | 24,682 (24.5) | 28,667 (20.4) |
Fall | 26,469 (26.3) | 34,064 (24.3) |
Winter | 19,670 (19.6) | 40,218 (28.7) |
p-value b | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Case | Control | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Air Pollutant/Weather Factor | Mean (95% CI) | ||
AC (n = 100,636) | |||
CO (ppm) | 0.630 (0.628, 0.632) | 0.624 (0.623, 0.626) | <0.001 |
NO2 (ppb) | 20.9 (20.8, 20.9) | 20.6 (20.6, 20.7) | <0.001 |
O3 8 h average (ppb) | 45.8 (45.7, 46.0) | 45.0 (45.0, 45.1) | <0.001 |
PM2.5 (μg/m3) | 33.7 (33.6, 33.8) | 33.1 (33.0, 33.1) | <0.001 |
PM10 (μg/m3) | 59.3 (59.1, 59.5) | 58.1 (58.0, 58.2) | <0.001 |
SO2 (ppb) | 4.80 (4.78, 4.81) | 4.72 (4.71, 4.73) | <0.001 |
Relative humidity (%) | 73.5 (73.4, 73.5) | 73.9 (73.9, 73.9) | <0.001 |
Temperature (°C) | 24.1 (24.1, 24.2) | 24.0 (24.0, 24.1) | <0.001 |
AR (n = 140,365) | |||
CO (ppm) | 0.636 (0.634, 0.638) | 0.632 (0.631, 0.633) | <0.001 |
NO2 (ppb) | 21.3 (21.2, 21.3) | 21.0 (21.0, 21.0) | <0.001 |
O3 8 h average (ppb) | 44.1 (44.0, 44.1) | 43.7 (43.7, 43.8) | <0.001 |
PM2.5 (μg/m3) | 33.7 (33.6, 33.8) | 33.2 (33.2, 33.3) | <0.001 |
PM10 (μg/m3) | 59.2 (59.0, 59.3) | 58.1 (58.0, 58.2) | <0.001 |
SO2 (ppb) | 4.76 (4.75, 4.78) | 4.70 (4.69, 4.71) | <0.001 |
Relative humidity (%) | 73.7 (73.6, 73.7) | 74.1 (74.1, 74.1) | <0.001 |
Temperature (°C) | 22.9 (22.9, 22.9) | 23.0 (23.0, 23.0) | <0.001 |
Air Pollutant/ Weather Factor | Univariate | Multivariate | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
O3 8 h (10 ppb) | 1.019 (1.014, 1.023) | <0.001 | 0.995 (0.990, 1.001) | 0.105 |
SO2 (ppb) | 1.017 (1.013, 1.020) | <0.001 | 0.996 (0.991, 1.000) | 0.503 |
CO (ppm) | 1.076 (1.042, 1.110) | <0.001 | -- | - |
NO2 (10 ppb) | 1.071 (1.060, 1.083) | <0.001 | 1.076 (1.059, 1.093) | <0.001 |
PM10 (10 μg/m3) | 1.019 (1.017, 1.022) | <0.001 | 1.003 (0.999, 1.006) | 0.150 |
PM2.5 (10 μg/m3) | 1.025 (1.020, 1.029) | <0.001 | -- | - |
Relative Humidity (10%) | 0.913 (0.905, 0.920) | <0.001 | 0.908 (0.899, 0.917) | <0.001 |
Temperature (°C) | 0.987 (0.985, 0.989) | <0.001 | 0.988 (0.986, 0.990) | <0.001 |
Disease | N | Model 1 a | Model 2 b | Model 3 c | Model 4 d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||
AR | 129,062 | 1.052 (1.043, 1.062) | 1.047 (1.037, 1.057) | 1.048 (1.037, 1.059) | 0.984 (0.973, 0.994) |
AC (Reference) | 83,975 | - | - | - | - |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.003 |
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Hsieh, S.-P.; Hsieh, C.-J.; Tseng, C.-C.; Yiin, L.-M. Allergic Rhinitis: Association with Air Pollution and Weather Changes, and Comparison with That of Allergic Conjunctivitis in Taiwan. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 1152. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111152
Hsieh S-P, Hsieh C-J, Tseng C-C, Yiin L-M. Allergic Rhinitis: Association with Air Pollution and Weather Changes, and Comparison with That of Allergic Conjunctivitis in Taiwan. Atmosphere. 2020; 11(11):1152. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111152
Chicago/Turabian StyleHsieh, Shuo-Ping, Chia-Jung Hsieh, Chun-Chieh Tseng, and Lih-Ming Yiin. 2020. "Allergic Rhinitis: Association with Air Pollution and Weather Changes, and Comparison with That of Allergic Conjunctivitis in Taiwan" Atmosphere 11, no. 11: 1152. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111152