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Volume 16
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10.3390/genes16091018
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Article

Identification of Novel Gene Cluster Potentially Associated with Insecticide Resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l.

by
Hyacinthe Dipina Ki
1,2,*,
Mahamadi Kientega
1,
Sabéré O. G. Yemien
1,2,
Hamidou Maiga
1,
Nouhoun Traoré
1,2,
Koama Bayili
1,
Moussa Namountougou
2 and
Abdoulaye Diabaté
1,*
1
Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 545, Burkina Faso
2
Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 1091, Burkina Faso
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Genes 2025, 16(9), 1018; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16091018
Submission received: 16 July 2025 / Revised: 13 August 2025 / Accepted: 15 August 2025 / Published: 28 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)
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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Despite the increasing emergence of resistance, insecticide-based tools remain the primary method for malaria vector control in Africa. To maintain the effectiveness of these interventions, continuous monitoring and identification of novel resistance mechanisms is essential. This study aimed to investigate potential new insecticide resistance genes in the Anopheles gambiae complex. Methods: We analyzed whole-genome sequencing data from the An. gambiae 1000 Genomes Project. A broad range of genomic analysis techniques and tools were used to identify and explore genetic variation in the candidate resistance genes. Results: High haplotype homozygosity values, indicative of positive selection, were detected in a 2L chromosomal region corresponding to an aldehyde oxidase gene cluster (AGAP006220, AGAP006221, AGAP006224, AGAP006225, AGAP006226). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified in these genes with frequencies up to 100%, including 569, 691, 1433, 978, and 811 non-synonymous SNPs in AGAP006220, AGAP006221, AGAP006224, AGAP006225, and AGAP006226, respectively. Copy number variations (CNVs) such as deletions and amplifications were also identified at low frequencies (<12%). Population structure analyses revealed adaptive and geographic gene flow between An. gambiae and An. coluzzii. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that aldehyde oxidase genes may contribute to insecticide resistance in An. gambiae s.l. populations. These results highlight the importance of genomic surveillance for detecting novel resistance loci and guiding the development of improved vector control strategies under changing ecological and evolutionary conditions.
Keywords: malaria; An. gambiae s.l.; insecticide resistance; aldehyde oxidase; genomic surveillance malaria; An. gambiae s.l.; insecticide resistance; aldehyde oxidase; genomic surveillance

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ki, H.D.; Kientega, M.; Yemien, S.O.G.; Maiga, H.; Traoré, N.; Bayili, K.; Namountougou, M.; Diabaté, A. Identification of Novel Gene Cluster Potentially Associated with Insecticide Resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l. Genes 2025, 16, 1018. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16091018

AMA Style

Ki HD, Kientega M, Yemien SOG, Maiga H, Traoré N, Bayili K, Namountougou M, Diabaté A. Identification of Novel Gene Cluster Potentially Associated with Insecticide Resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l. Genes. 2025; 16(9):1018. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16091018

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ki, Hyacinthe Dipina, Mahamadi Kientega, Sabéré O. G. Yemien, Hamidou Maiga, Nouhoun Traoré, Koama Bayili, Moussa Namountougou, and Abdoulaye Diabaté. 2025. "Identification of Novel Gene Cluster Potentially Associated with Insecticide Resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l." Genes 16, no. 9: 1018. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16091018

APA Style

Ki, H. D., Kientega, M., Yemien, S. O. G., Maiga, H., Traoré, N., Bayili, K., Namountougou, M., & Diabaté, A. (2025). Identification of Novel Gene Cluster Potentially Associated with Insecticide Resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l. Genes, 16(9), 1018. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16091018

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