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10.3390/cells9061522
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Review

New Frontiers in Prostate Cancer Treatment: Are We Ready for Drug Combinations with Novel Agents?

by
Gaetano Aurilio
1,*,†,
Alessia Cimadamore
2,†,
Matteo Santoni
3,
Franco Nolè
1,
Marina Scarpelli
2,
Francesco Massari
4,
Antonio Lopez-Beltran
5,
Liang Cheng
6 and
Rodolfo Montironi
2
1
Medical Oncology Division of Urogenital and Head and Neck Tumours, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
2
Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, 60126 Ancona, Italy
3
Oncology Unit, Macerata Hospital, 62012 Macerata, Italy
4
Division of Oncology, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy
5
Department of Surgery, Cordoba University Medical School, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
6
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Cells 2020, 9(6), 1522; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9061522
Submission received: 18 May 2020 / Revised: 16 June 2020 / Accepted: 18 June 2020 / Published: 22 June 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Update on Prostate Cancer Diagnosis, Prognosis and Prediction to Response to Therapy)
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Abstract

Medical treatment for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients has progressively been evolving from a nonspecific clinical approach to genomics-oriented therapies. The scientific community is in fact increasingly focusing on developing DNA damage repair (DDR) defect-driven novel molecules, both as single-agent therapy and in combined treatment strategies. Accordingly, research is under way into combined drug therapies targeting different pathways, e.g. androgen receptor signaling (ARS) and poly (adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes, immune checkpoint (IC) and PARP, IC, and ARS, and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). In an attempt to formulate evolving treatment paradigms in mCRPC patients, here we selected clinical research into patients undergoing therapies with emerging molecules, with particular emphasis towards PARP-, IC-, and PSMA-inhibitors. In order to focus on those molecules and drug combinations most likely to be translated into routine clinical care in the near future, we selected only those clinical studies currently recruiting patients. A PubMed search focusing on the keywords “prostate cancer”, “metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer”, “DDR pathways”, “ARS inhibitors”, “PARP inhibitors”, “IC inhibitors”, “PSMA-targeting agents”, and “drug combinations” was performed.
Keywords: prostate cancer; metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer; DNA damage repair; ARS inhibitors; PARP inhibitors; immune checkpoint inhibitors; PSMA-inhibition; drug combinations prostate cancer; metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer; DNA damage repair; ARS inhibitors; PARP inhibitors; immune checkpoint inhibitors; PSMA-inhibition; drug combinations
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MDPI and ACS Style

Aurilio, G.; Cimadamore, A.; Santoni, M.; Nolè, F.; Scarpelli, M.; Massari, F.; Lopez-Beltran, A.; Cheng, L.; Montironi, R. New Frontiers in Prostate Cancer Treatment: Are We Ready for Drug Combinations with Novel Agents? Cells 2020, 9, 1522. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9061522

AMA Style

Aurilio G, Cimadamore A, Santoni M, Nolè F, Scarpelli M, Massari F, Lopez-Beltran A, Cheng L, Montironi R. New Frontiers in Prostate Cancer Treatment: Are We Ready for Drug Combinations with Novel Agents? Cells. 2020; 9(6):1522. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9061522

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aurilio, Gaetano, Alessia Cimadamore, Matteo Santoni, Franco Nolè, Marina Scarpelli, Francesco Massari, Antonio Lopez-Beltran, Liang Cheng, and Rodolfo Montironi. 2020. "New Frontiers in Prostate Cancer Treatment: Are We Ready for Drug Combinations with Novel Agents?" Cells 9, no. 6: 1522. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9061522

APA Style

Aurilio, G., Cimadamore, A., Santoni, M., Nolè, F., Scarpelli, M., Massari, F., Lopez-Beltran, A., Cheng, L., & Montironi, R. (2020). New Frontiers in Prostate Cancer Treatment: Are We Ready for Drug Combinations with Novel Agents? Cells, 9(6), 1522. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9061522

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