Mitochondrial DNA and Exercise: Implications for Health and Injuries in Sports
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Role of Mitochondrial Metabolism and mtDNA Haplogroups on Exercise
3. Mitochondrial DNA as a Signaling and Pro-Inflammatory Molecule
3.1. Cellular Pathways Triggered by cf-mtDNA
3.2. Effects of cf-mtDNA on Central Nervous System
4. Release, Forms and Detection of cf-mtDNA
4.1. Mechanisms of Release and Removal of cf-mtDNA
4.2. Detection of cf-mtDNA in Plasma
5. The Effects of Trauma/Injuries on cf-mtDNA Release
5.1. The Effects of Traumatic Events on cf-mtDNA Release
5.2. Injuries/Trauma in Sports
6. The Effects of Exercise on cf-mtDNA Release
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pathway | Effects | Cell Type | References |
---|---|---|---|
cGAS-STING signaling | IFN-stimulated genes induction | Neutrophils Macrophages | [5,34,35,36] |
TLR-9 | Proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines production IFN-I production | Hepatocytes Cardiomyocytes Leukocytes Neutrophils Endothelial cells | [18,37,38,39,40] |
NLRP3 inflammasome | IL-1β and IL-18 activation | Macrophages RPE cells | [41,42,43,44] |
References | Subjects | Age * (Years) | Type of Exercise | Effects on cf-mtDNA |
---|---|---|---|---|
[105] | n = 9 well-trained men | 29.3 ± 8.5 | Incremental exhaustive treadmill | =before, immediately after and after 30 min of rest |
[106] | n = 5 healthy, physically active men | 26.8 ± 2.2 | Incremental exhaustive treadmill | =before, immediately after, 10, 30 and 90 min of rest |
[51] | n = 12 male volleyball players; n = 20 non-athletes | 27.5 ± 3.9; 29.5 ± 4.5 | Volleyball | ↓ in the first in-season training period and = in the second in-season training period. |
[107] | n = 7 healthy moderately trained men | 22.4 ± 1.2 | Ninety min treadmill | ↓ during exercise in comparison to control group (same subjects in seated position) |
[108] | n = 12 average-trained men | 34.0 ± 5.2 | Exhaustive treadmill | ↑ post-exercise; ↓ pre-exercise over the study period |
[109] | n = 8 free divers; n = 22 non-divers | 36.9 ± 9.6; 52.3 ± 14.5 | Diving | divers have less mtDNA than non-divers |
[110] | n = 20 healthy males | 23.3 ± 3.8 | Incremental exhaustive treadmill | ↑ post-exercise; ↓ after 15 and 30 min of rest |
[111] | n = 8 healthy volunteers (4 women and 4 men) | 38.6 ± 14.4 | Incremental exhaustive ergometer cycle | ↑ during exercise, compared to baseline values and after 30 and 90 min of rest |
[112] | n = 14 men with T1DM **; n = 11 healthy controls | 29.3 ± 5.3; 34.0 ± 5.2 | Exhaustive treadmill run | =before and after exercise in both groups |
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Zanini, G.; De Gaetano, A.; Selleri, V.; Savino, G.; Cossarizza, A.; Pinti, M.; Mattioli, A.V.; Nasi, M. Mitochondrial DNA and Exercise: Implications for Health and Injuries in Sports. Cells 2021, 10, 2575. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10102575
Zanini G, De Gaetano A, Selleri V, Savino G, Cossarizza A, Pinti M, Mattioli AV, Nasi M. Mitochondrial DNA and Exercise: Implications for Health and Injuries in Sports. Cells. 2021; 10(10):2575. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10102575
Chicago/Turabian StyleZanini, Giada, Anna De Gaetano, Valentina Selleri, Gustavo Savino, Andrea Cossarizza, Marcello Pinti, Anna Vittoria Mattioli, and Milena Nasi. 2021. "Mitochondrial DNA and Exercise: Implications for Health and Injuries in Sports" Cells 10, no. 10: 2575. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10102575