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Agronomy
Volume 15
Issue 6
10.3390/agronomy15061448
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Linking Almond Yield and Quality to the Production System and Irrigation Strategy Considering the Plantation Age in a Mediterranean Semiarid Environment

by
Abel Calderón-Pavón
1,
Iván Francisco García-Tejero
1,*,
Luis Noguera-Artiaga
2,
Leontina Lipan
2,
Esther Sendra
2,
Francisca Hernández
2,
Juan Francisco Herencia-Galán
1,
Ángel Antonio Carbonell-Barrachina
2 and
Víctor Hugo Durán Zuazo
3
1
IFAPA Centro “Las Torres”, Carretera Sevilla-Alcalá del Río km 12,2., Alcalá del Río, 41200 Sevilla, Spain
2
Research Group “Food Quality and Safety”, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO-UMH), Universidad Miguel Hernández, Carretera de Beniel, km 3.2, Orihuela, 03312 Alicante, Spain
3
IFAPA Centro “Camino de Purchil”, Camino de Purchil s/n, 18004 Granada, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1448; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061448
Submission received: 6 May 2025 / Revised: 11 June 2025 / Accepted: 11 June 2025 / Published: 13 June 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Cultivation Techniques on Fruit Quality and Nutritional Value—3rd Edition)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) is characterized by its water stress tolerance and adaptability to diverse management strategies, allowing it to maintain or even enhance almond quality while achieving optimal yields. Limited research has been conducted to date on how almond production and quality vary across different water regimes and production systems, or how tree age modulates crop responses to deficit irrigation and organic practices. This study examines the effects of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) under organic (OPS) and conventional (CPS) production systems, analyzing the impact on nut quality (physical and chemical parameters) and its sensorial properties in an almond orchard during seasons in 2019 and 2023, when the trees were 3-years old and when they were close to their yield potential at 7-years old, respectively. The PS and irrigation strategy affected the nut quality, yield, and tree growth. The OPS and RDI methods accumulated season-dependent yield losses in both studied periods. The kernel weight under OPS was lower than CPS in 2019, with these differences being less evident in 2023. The highest antioxidant activity and total phenolic compound values were obtained with the OPS and RDI methods in 2019, whereas the sugar and organic acid contents showed improvements under the OPS and the RDI strategy during 2019 and 2023, respectively. Finally, significant improvements were observed in relation to the fatty acids profile for nuts harvested under OPS in both seasons, especially in the latter season with RDI. Thus, almond quality can be enhanced by the integration of both OPSs and RDI strategies, although these improvements are dependent on tree age.
Keywords: water stress; chemical composition; antioxidant capacity; sugars; fat acid profile; descriptive sensorial analysis water stress; chemical composition; antioxidant capacity; sugars; fat acid profile; descriptive sensorial analysis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Calderón-Pavón, A.; García-Tejero, I.F.; Noguera-Artiaga, L.; Lipan, L.; Sendra, E.; Hernández, F.; Herencia-Galán, J.F.; Carbonell-Barrachina, Á.A.; Zuazo, V.H.D. Linking Almond Yield and Quality to the Production System and Irrigation Strategy Considering the Plantation Age in a Mediterranean Semiarid Environment. Agronomy 2025, 15, 1448. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061448

AMA Style

Calderón-Pavón A, García-Tejero IF, Noguera-Artiaga L, Lipan L, Sendra E, Hernández F, Herencia-Galán JF, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA, Zuazo VHD. Linking Almond Yield and Quality to the Production System and Irrigation Strategy Considering the Plantation Age in a Mediterranean Semiarid Environment. Agronomy. 2025; 15(6):1448. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061448

Chicago/Turabian Style

Calderón-Pavón, Abel, Iván Francisco García-Tejero, Luis Noguera-Artiaga, Leontina Lipan, Esther Sendra, Francisca Hernández, Juan Francisco Herencia-Galán, Ángel Antonio Carbonell-Barrachina, and Víctor Hugo Durán Zuazo. 2025. "Linking Almond Yield and Quality to the Production System and Irrigation Strategy Considering the Plantation Age in a Mediterranean Semiarid Environment" Agronomy 15, no. 6: 1448. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061448

APA Style

Calderón-Pavón, A., García-Tejero, I. F., Noguera-Artiaga, L., Lipan, L., Sendra, E., Hernández, F., Herencia-Galán, J. F., Carbonell-Barrachina, Á. A., & Zuazo, V. H. D. (2025). Linking Almond Yield and Quality to the Production System and Irrigation Strategy Considering the Plantation Age in a Mediterranean Semiarid Environment. Agronomy, 15(6), 1448. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061448

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