Nutritional and Visual Diagnosis in Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica L.) Plants: Disorders in Physiological Activity, Nutritional Efficiency and Metabolism of Carbohydrates
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experiment Site
2.2. Experimental Design and Treatments
2.3. Conducting the Experiment
2.4. Growth Evaluations and SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) Reading
2.5. Evaluation of Macronutrient Content and Accumulation
2.6. Nutrient Absorption, Transport and Use Efficiency Indexes
2.7. Gas Exchange Evaluation
2.8. Content of Starch and Total Soluble Sugars (SS)
2.9. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Visual Diagnosis
3.2. Growth Evaluations and SPAD Readings
3.3. Macronutrient Content and Accumulation
3.4. Efficiency Indexes
3.5. Gas Exchange
3.6. Starch and Soluble Sugars (SS) Contents
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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9 | Stock Solution | CS | -N | -P | -K | -Ca | -Mg | -S |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stock Solution Volume Per L of Final Solution | ||||||||
mol L−1 | ---------------------------- mL L−1--------------------------------- | |||||||
KH2PO4 | 1.0 | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 |
KNO3 | 1.0 | 5 | - | 5 | - | 5 | 3 | 3 |
Ca(NO3) 5H2O | 1.0 | 5 | - | 5 | 5 | - | 4 | 4 |
MgSO4 7H2O | 1.0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | - | - |
KCl | 1.0 | - | 5 | 1 | - | - | 2 | 2 |
CaCl2 2H2O | 1.0 | - | 5 | - | - | - | 1 | 1 |
NH4H2PO4 | 1.0 | - | - | - | 1 | 5 | - | - |
NH4NO3 | 1.0 | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | - |
(NH4)2SO4 | 1.0 | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | - |
MgNO3 6H2O | 1.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 |
Micronutrients | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Fe EDDHA | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Treat. | Equation | DATD (a) | ValueD (b) | DATmax (c) | Valuemax (d) | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plant Height (cm) | ||||||
CS | y = 0.91824672 + 1.12909052x | - | - | 38 | 45.0 | 0.99 ** |
-N | y = 4.20130816 + 0.55908387x − 0.01824500x2 | 12 | 8.3 | 15 | 8.5 | 0.96 ** |
-P | y = 6.42223729 + 0.72724158x | 32 | 29.7 | 38 | 36.0 | 0.87 ** |
-K | y = -3.2585786 + 1.84660483x − 0.03459323x2 | 22 | 20.6 | 27 | 21.4 | 0.94 ** |
-Ca | y = 1.21979350 + 1.28588367x − 0.03578473x2 | 17 | 12.7 | 18 | 12.8 | 0.94 ** |
-Mg | y = -0.1353877 + 1.39611512x − 0.01845996x2 | 32 | 25.6 | 38 | 26.3 | 0.94 ** |
-S | y = 7.49758709 + 0.48716448x | 24 | 19.2 | 38 | 25.0 | 0.90 ** |
Number of leaves | ||||||
CS | y = 8.44067676 + 0.31460594x | - | - | 38 | 20.0 | 0.87 ** |
-N | y = 2.41799644 + 0.86095054x − 0.02517633x2 | 12 | 9.2 | 17 | 9.7 | 0.96 ** |
-P | y = 4.71305113 + 0.70604835x − 0.01074269x2 | 32 | 16.3 | 32 | 16.3 | 0.87 ** |
-K | y = 0.50041459 + 1.33187830x − 0.03202433x2 | 22 | 14.3 | 21 | 14.3 | 0.99 ** |
-Ca | y = 3.97384343 + 0.67795485x − 0.02148872x2 | 17 | 9.3 | 16 | 9.3 | 0.93 ** |
-Mg | y = 1.72788326 + 0.91283468x − 0.01472306x2 | 32 | 16.0 | 31 | 16.0 | 0.95 ** |
-S | y = 7.92279412 + 0.23308824x | 24 | 13.5 | 38 | 17.5 | 0.77 ** |
SPAD readings | ||||||
CS | y = 28.1581834 + 0.48175923x | - | - | 38 | 50.6 | 0.45 ** |
-N | y = 36.5755164 − 0.95082810x | 12 | 34.9 | 07 | 35.0 | 0.89 ** |
-P | y = 19.3321594 + 02.13131758x − 0.03850833x2 | 32 | 48.0 | 38 | 48.8 | 0.41 ** |
-K | y = -21.525585 + 7.81561651x − 0.18668696x2 | 22 | 60.0 | 21 | 60.3 | 0.93 ** |
-Ca | y = 34.0619555 + 1.81493501x − 0.06720483x2 | 17 | 45.4 | 14 | 46.3 | 0.82 ** |
-Mg | y = 34.6999518 − 0.43722765x + 0.02425081x2 | 32 | 45.5 | 32 | 45.5 | 0.62 * |
-S | y = 34.1812500 | 24 | - | - | - | ns |
Treat. | N | P | K | Ca | Mg | S |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shoot | ||||||
________________________________g kg−1__________________________ | ||||||
CS | 32.6 ± 1.0 c | 4.0 ± 0.1 c | 49.9 ± 1.6 a | 19.9 ± 1.5 bc | 4.6 ± 0.3 b | 5.6 ± 0.2 a |
-N | 13.3 ± 1.7 d | 4.9 ± 0.3 b | 25.8 ± 1.9 c | 15.9 ± 1.7 c | 4.0 ± 0.3 bc | 5.2 ± 0.5 a |
-P | 43.8 ± 1.5 ab | 2.5 ± 0.6 d | 35.0 ± 0.9 b | 23.6 ± 2.7 ab | 4.0 ± 0.2 bc | 5.3 ± 0.4 a |
-K | 48.1 ± 2.3 a | 10.8 ± 0.6 a | 13.7 ± 0.4 d | 26.2 ± 1.6 a | 4.3 ± 0.2 bc | 5.6 ± 0.5 a |
-Ca | 37.4 ± 0.3 bc | 5.6 ± 0.1 b | 38.3 ± 1.1 b | 2.6 ± 0.1 d | 6.5 ± 0.5 a | 4.3 ± 0.5 b |
-Mg | 40.4 ± 1.0a bc | 5.1 ± 0.2 b | 38.2 ± 2.2 b | 25.4 ± 1.1 a | 1.3 ± 0.1 d | 4.3 ± 0.1 b |
-S | 34.2 ± 1.9 bc | 5.1 ± 0.2 b | 37.7 ± 1.8 b | 26.0 ± 0.2 a | 3.7 ± 0.1 c | 1.1 ± 0.1 c |
MSD (a) | 10.5 | 0.8 | 5.9 | 4.9 | 0.7 | 0.9 |
CV (b) | 12.8 | 6.6 | 7.5 | 10.6 | 7.0 | 8.7 |
Root | ||||||
________________________________g kg−1__________________________ | ||||||
CS | 28.5 ± 1.7 bc | 10.3 ± 0.1 a | 23.5 ± 1.6 c | 19.1 ± 1.9 a | 5.1 ± 0.6 b | 3.9 ± 0.1 bc |
-N | 14.8 ± 0.3 d | 4.1 ± 0.3 c | 30.6 ± 2.9 b | 7.2 ± 0.4 e | 4.2 ± 0.2 bc | 3.5 ± 0.1 cd |
-P | 34.2 ± 2.0 ab | 2.9 ± 0.3 d | 38.4 ± 2.1 a | 9.5 ± 0.3 de | 4.3 ± 0.3 bc | 4.6 ± 0.3 a |
-K | 22.9 ± 0.4 c | 7.0 ± 0.9 b | 10.5 ± 1.6 d | 13.3 ± 1.7 b | 5.1 ± 1.0 b | 3.2 ± 0.2 d |
-Ca | 4.9 ± 0.1 e | 2.5 ± 0.3 d | 3.7 ± 0.2 e | 1.8 ± 0.2 f | 7.9 ± 0.4 a | 2.5 ± 0.1 e |
-Mg | 37.9 ± 2.9 a | 7.5 ± 0.2 b | 38.5 ± 2.1 a | 12.8 ± 0.6 bc | 1.9 ± 0.2 d | 4.2 ± 0.4 ab |
-S | 31.3 ± 1.2 b | 7.2 ± 0.4 b | 36.6 ± 2.5 ab | 10.8 ± 0.6 cd | 3.2 ± 0.2 c | 1.9 ± 0.2 f |
MSD | 6.0 | 0.9 | 6.1 | 2.3 | 1.1 | 0.4 |
CV | 10.5 | 7.2 | 10.3 | 9.6 | 19.9 | 6.2 |
Treat. | N | P | K | Ca | Mg | S |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shoots | ||||||
________________________________mg per plant__________________________ | ||||||
CS | 1072.6 ± 87.0 a | 132.1 ± 14.7 a | 1641.2 ± 146.3 a | 656.9 ± 89.1 a | 150.9 ± 7.5 a | 183.4 ± 12.2 a |
-N | 133.7 ± 17.7 d | 48.7 ± 4.1 b | 259.3 ± 42.4 c | 159.2 ± 29.7 b | 40.1 ± 3.2 de | 52.4 ± 5.9 d |
-P | 1000.2 ± 88.3 a | 58.7 ± 16.5 b | 760.8 ± 74.8 b | 541.6 ± 58.2 a | 91.2 ± 11.1 b | 122.3 ± 15.8 b |
-K | 495.2 ± 66.5 c | 112.4 ± 14.7 a | 209.1 ± 144.0 c | 271.4 ± 39.2 b | 44.6 ± 4.7 d | 57.7 ± 8.2 d |
-Ca | 389.3 ± 3.1 c | 58.6 ± 0.9 b | 397.6 ± 27.4 c | 27.0 ± 1.1 c | 67.6 ± 5.1 c | 44.3 ± 4.7 d |
-Mg | 932.4 ± 44.1 a | 117.9 ± 10.9 a | 885.8 ± 124.6 b | 587.1 ± 57.8 a | 30.0 ± 2.9 e | 99.4 ± 7.4 c |
-S | 712.3 ± 77.6 b | 106.8 ± 0.8 a | 785.3 ± 8.1 b | 541.6 ± 26.0 a | 77.1 ± 2.8 c | 23.0 ± 2.9 e |
MSD (a) | 145.6 | 25.3 | 223.0 | 115.8 | 13.9 | 21.1 |
CV (b) | 9.3 | 12.1 | 13.8 | 12.7 | 8.4 | 11.0 |
Root | ||||||
________________________________mg per plant__________________________ | ||||||
CS | 345.3 ± 41.4 a | 124.6 ± 10.9 a | 297.0 ± 21.7 b | 232.5 ± 32.6 a | 61.1 ± 5.8 a | 47.4 ± 4.9 ab |
-N | 106.2 ± 5.1 c | 29.7 ± 1.9 cd | 219.3 ± 13.8 c | 51.6 ± 4.9 c | 30.1 ± 2.5 bc | 24.8 ± 1.1 cd |
-P | 417.8 ± 53.9 a | 35.0 ± 4.5 c | 468.0 ± 57.4 a | 115.2 ± 6.7 b | 51.7 ± 4.8 a | 55.8 ± 7.2 a |
-K | 222.8 ± 7.6 b | 67.8 ± 9.6 b | 102.6 ± 17.2 d | 130.1 ± 17.3 b | 49.4 ± 10.2 a | 30.9 ± 1.9 c |
-Ca | 35.7 ± 1.3 c | 18.0 ± 1.7 d | 26.9 ± 1.5 e | 12.8 ± 1.1 d | 57.4 ± 1.7 a | 18.4 ± 0.5 d |
-Mg | 402.3 ± 70.5 a | 78.9 ± 5.2 b | 406.8 ± 48.7 a | 135.7 ± 10.2 b | 19.7 ± 3.1 c | 44.1 ± 5.4 b |
-S | 343.6 ± 13.2 a | 79.3 ± 3.9 b | 401.6 ± 28.1 a | 118.2 ± 6.1 b | 34.7 ± 1.8 b | 20.5 ± 2.4 d |
MSD | 86.2 | 10.3 | 74.8 | 34.4 | 11.8 | 9.3 |
CV | 14.0 | 14.6 | 11.9 | 13.2 | 11.8 | 11.8 |
Whole plant | ||||||
________________________________mg per plant__________________________ | ||||||
CS | 1417.9 ± 77.9 a | 256.6 ± 14.4 a | 1938.3 ± 152.8 a | 889.5 ± 76.6 a | 212.1 ± 4.8 a | 230.8 ± 8.6 a |
-N | 239.9 ± 14.5 e | 78.3 ± 5.8 c | 478.7 ± 46.4 c | 210.8 ± 29.9 d | 70.2 ± 4.8 e | 77.3 ± 6.6 de |
-P | 1418.0 ± 80.6 a | 93.7 ± 11.9 c | 1228.8 ± 103.7 b | 656.8 ± 55.7 b | 142.9 ± 11.9 b | 178.1 ± 14.4 b |
-K | 718.0 ± 60.8 c | 180.3 ± 12.8 b | 311.7 ± 139.7 c | 401.6 ± 31.3 c | 94.1 ± 12.1 d | 88.6 ± 7.9 d |
-Ca | 424.9 ± 4.4 d | 76.6 ± 2.2 c | 424.5 ± 28.8 c | 39.9 ± 0.9 e | 124.9 ± 5.7 c | 62.7 ± 4.8 ef |
-Mg | 1334.7 ± 99.6 a | 196.9 ± 12.9 b | 1292.6 ± 165.1 b | 722.9 ± 51.5 b | 49.7 ± 4.9 f | 143.4 ± 9.9 c |
-S | 1055.9 ± 90.8 b | 186.1 ± 3.1 b | 1186.9 ± 33.4 b | 659.9 ± 21.8 b | 111.8 ± 3.9 c | 43.5 ± 5.3 f |
MSD | 161.8 | 23.4 | 253.2 | 102.7 | 17.6 | 20.1 |
CV | 7.5 | 6.7 | 11.2 | 8.7 | 6.6 | 7.4 |
Treat. | N | P | K | Ca | Mg | S |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Absorption Efficiency | ||||||
________________________________mg g−1__________________________ | ||||||
CS | 117.9 ± 7.5 a | 21.2 ± 0.4 a | 160.3 ± 6.2 a | 73.7 ± 4.4 a | 17.6 ± 1.4 a | 19.2 ± 0.9 a |
-N | 32.6 ± 1.9 e | 10.8 ± 0.7 d | 66.4 ± 5.8 d | 28.5 ± 2.9 d | 9.7 ± 0.4 b | 10.7 ± 0.9 c |
-P | 111.8 ± 8.7 a | 6.9 ± 0.4 e | 101.0 ± 6.3 c | 51.5 ± 5.2 c | 11.3 ± 0.9 b | 14.0 ± 0.6 b |
-K | 77.3 ± 7.8 c | 19.2 ± 0.4 b | 26.0 ± 1.4 e | 43.0 ± 1.8 c | 9.6 ± 0.3 b | 9.4 ± 0.3 cd |
-Ca | 58.5 ± 0.4 d | 10.5 ± 0.4 d | 57.0 ± 2.4 d | 5.4 ± 0.2 e | 17.2 ± 0.9 a | 8.6 ± 0.8 d |
-Mg | 125.5 ± 8.5 a | 18.5 ±1.3 b | 119.1 ±12.2 b | 68.0 ±5.7 ab | 4.6 ± 0.4 c | 13.4 ± 1.0 b |
-S | 94.0 ± 5.6 b | 16.9 ± 0.4 c | 108.2 ± 2.8 bc | 60.1 ± 1.4 b | 10.1 ± 0.2 b | 3.9 ± 0.4 e |
MSD (a) | 15.1 | 1.5 | 14.5 | 8.4 | 1.8 | 1.7 |
CV (b) | 7.4 | 4.5 | 6.9 | 7.7 | 6.8 | 6.7 |
Transport efficiency | ||||||
________________________________%__________________________ | ||||||
CS | 75.9 ± 0.8 b | 51.7 ± 0.9 c | 85.3 ± 1.0 b | 74.0 ± 2.6 c | 71.4 ± 2.6 a | 79.6 ± 0.8 a |
-N | 54.7 ± 2.9 d | 61.8 ± 1.2 b | 53.9 ± 4.2 e | 74.7 ±3.2 bc | 57.1 ± 2.1 bc | 67.7 ± 2.1 b |
-P | 69.2 ± 2.7 c | 58.4 ±5.9 bc | 61.9 ± 3.3 d | 81.4 ±1.7 ab | 62.3 ± 1.6 b | 67.2 ± 3.3 b |
-K | 70.1 ± 3.8 bc | 63.8 ± 3.8 b | 59.7 ± 4.0 de | 68.8 ± 5.3 c | 50.4 ± 3.9 d | 66.4 ± 2.7 b |
-Ca | 91.5 ± 0.2 a | 76.4 ± 1.7 a | 93.5 ± 0.1 a | 67.8 ± 2.6 c | 54.0 ±1.9 cd | 70.5 ± 2.2 b |
-Mg | 69.8 ± 3.3 c | 59.7 ± 2.3 b | 69.6 ± 2.9 c | 81.0 ± 2.3 ab | 60.4 ± 3.1 b | 69.1 ± 2.6 b |
-S | 66.6 ± 1.3 c | 57.4 ± 1.3 bc | 66.2 ± 1.4 cd | 82.0 ± 1.3 a | 68.9 ± 1.1 a | 52.8 ± 0.9 c |
MSD | 5.8 | 6.8 | 6.6 | 6.9 | 5.8 | 5.2 |
CV (%) | 3.5 | 4.8 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 3.3 |
Use efficiency | ||||||
________________________________g mg−1__________________________ | ||||||
CS | 1.5 ± 0.0 a | 8.3 ± 0.2 b | 1.1 ± 0.0 b | 2.4 ± 0.1 b | 10.0 ± 0.5 b | 9.2 ± 0.2 b |
-N | 1.2 ± 0.0 b | 3.8 ± 0.1 e | 0.6 ± 0.0 e | 1.4 ± 0.1 cd | 4.2 ± 0.1 d | 3.8 ± 0.2 d |
-P | 0.8 ± 0.1 cd | 13.6 ± 1.4 a | 0.9 ± 0.0 c | 1.8 ± 0.2 c | 8.3 ± 0.6 c | 6.7 ± 0.7 c |
-K | 0.8 ± 0.0 e | 2.3 ± 0.0 f | 1.7 ± 0.1 a | 1.0 ± 0.0 d | 4.5 ± 0.0 d | 4.7 ± 0.3 d |
-Ca | 0.7 ± 0.0 de | 4.0 ± 0.2 de | 0.7 ± 0.0 de | 7.8 ± 0.3 a | 2.5 ± 0.1 e | 5.0 ± 0.5 d |
-Mg | 0.8 ± 0.0 cd | 5.7 ± 0.1 c | 0.8 ± 0.0 c | 1.5 ± 0.0 c | 22.8 ± 1.2 a | 7.8 ± 0.2 bc |
-S | 0.9 ± 0.0 c | 5.4 ± 0.5 cd | 0.8 ± 0.0 cd | 1.5 ± 0.0 c | 9.0 ± 0.4 bc | 23.4 ± 1.5 a |
MSD | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 1.6 |
CV (%) | 7.5 | 9.9 | 6.1 | 7.9 | 6.9 | 8.0 |
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Almeida, H.J.d.; Carmona, V.M.V.; Cavalcante, V.S.; Filho, A.B.C.; Prado, R.d.M.; Flores, R.A.; Borges, B.M.M.N.; Mauad, M. Nutritional and Visual Diagnosis in Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica L.) Plants: Disorders in Physiological Activity, Nutritional Efficiency and Metabolism of Carbohydrates. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1572. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101572
Almeida HJd, Carmona VMV, Cavalcante VS, Filho ABC, Prado RdM, Flores RA, Borges BMMN, Mauad M. Nutritional and Visual Diagnosis in Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica L.) Plants: Disorders in Physiological Activity, Nutritional Efficiency and Metabolism of Carbohydrates. Agronomy. 2020; 10(10):1572. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101572
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlmeida, Hilário Júnior de, Victor Manuel Vergara Carmona, Valéria Santos Cavalcante, Arthur Bernardes Cecílio Filho, Renato de Mello Prado, Rilner Alves Flores, Bernardo Melo Montes Nogueira Borges, and Munir Mauad. 2020. "Nutritional and Visual Diagnosis in Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica L.) Plants: Disorders in Physiological Activity, Nutritional Efficiency and Metabolism of Carbohydrates" Agronomy 10, no. 10: 1572. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101572