Structure and Function of the Nuclear Receptor Superfamily and Current Targeted Therapies of Prostate Cancer
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Department of Urology, Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Cancers 2019, 11(12), 1852; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11121852
Received: 24 October 2019
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Revised: 14 November 2019
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Accepted: 20 November 2019
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Published: 23 November 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prostate Cancer: Past, Present, and Future)
The nuclear receptor superfamily comprises a large group of proteins with functions essential for cell signaling, survival, and proliferation. There are multiple distinctions between nuclear superfamily classes defined by hallmark differences in function, ligand binding, tissue specificity, and DNA binding. In this review, we utilize the initial classification system, which defines subfamilies based on structure and functional difference. The defining feature of the nuclear receptor superfamily is that these proteins function as transcription factors. The loss of transcriptional regulation or gain of functioning of these receptors is a hallmark in numerous diseases. For example, in prostate cancer, the androgen receptor is a primary target for current prostate cancer therapies. Targeted cancer therapies for nuclear hormone receptors have been more feasible to develop than others due to the ligand availability and cell permeability of hormones. To better target these receptors, it is critical to understand their structural and functional regulation. Given that late-stage cancers often develop hormone insensitivity, we will explore the strengths and pitfalls of targeting other transcription factors outside of the nuclear receptor superfamily such as the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT).
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Keywords:
nuclear receptors; androgen receptor; prostate cancer; STAT3; treatment; transcription factors
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MDPI and ACS Style
Porter, B.A.; Ortiz, M.A.; Bratslavsky, G.; Kotula, L. Structure and Function of the Nuclear Receptor Superfamily and Current Targeted Therapies of Prostate Cancer. Cancers 2019, 11, 1852. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11121852
AMA Style
Porter BA, Ortiz MA, Bratslavsky G, Kotula L. Structure and Function of the Nuclear Receptor Superfamily and Current Targeted Therapies of Prostate Cancer. Cancers. 2019; 11(12):1852. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11121852
Chicago/Turabian StylePorter, Baylee A., Maria A. Ortiz, Gennady Bratslavsky, and Leszek Kotula. 2019. "Structure and Function of the Nuclear Receptor Superfamily and Current Targeted Therapies of Prostate Cancer" Cancers 11, no. 12: 1852. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11121852
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