Targeting Integrins in Cancer Nanomedicine: Applications in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Cancer Nanomedicine
1.2. Characterization of Nanoparticles
1.3. Integrins in Cancer Nanomedicine
2. Ligands Used in Integrin-Targeted NPs
2.1. RGD-Based Integrin-Targeted Ligands
2.2. Non-RGD Integrin-Targeted Ligands
3. Applications of NPs in Cancer Diagnosis
3.1. Fabrication of Integrin-Targeted NPs for Cancer Diagnosis
3.2. Techniques for Imaging Integrin-Targeted NPs
4. Applications in Cancer Treatment
4.1. Drug Delivery
4.2. Radiotherapy, Hyperthermia Therapy, and Photodynamic Therapy
4.2.1. Radiotherapy
4.2.2. Hyperthermia Therapy
4.2.3. Photodynamic Therapy
5. Issues of Integrin-Targeted NPs
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
List of Abbreviations
AuNPs | Gold NPs |
3D | three dimensional |
CA-12 | [closo-B12]2− |
cRGD | Cyclic RGD |
ECM | Extracellular matrix |
EPR | Enhanced permeability and retention |
Exos | Exosome |
FDA | The food and drug administration of America |
FMT | Fluorescence molecular tomography |
FRI | Fluorescence reflectance imaging |
IR | Ionizing radiation |
Lu-AuNP-RGD | RGD conjugated-177Lu-Labeled AuNPs |
MHT | Magnetic hyperthermia therapy |
MRI | Magnetic resonance imaging |
NIR | Near-infrared |
NP | Nanoparticle |
PDT | Photodynamic therapy |
PET | Positron emission tomography |
PEGylated | polyethylene glycosylated |
PHSRN | Pro-His-Ser-Arg-Asn |
PTT | Photothermal therapy |
QDs | Quantum dots |
QT | Quercetin |
RGD | Arg-Gly-Asp |
RGD/P-AuNPs | RGD-conjugated polyethylene-glycosylated AuNPs |
siRNA | Small interfering RNA |
Tetrac | Tetraiodothyroacetic acid |
TPT | Topotecan |
USIO-NPs | Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs |
VEGF | Vascular endothelial growth factor |
Z | Atomic number |
ZnO-NWs | Zinc oxide nanowires |
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Integrin | Binding Ligands | Specific Functions in Cancers | Associated Cancers (Detected in Clinical Studies) |
---|---|---|---|
α5β1 | Fibronectin | Increases tumor progression [38] Increases cancer invasion [39] Mediates resistance to radiotherapy [36] | Head and neck cancer [40,41] |
Vitronectin | Non-small cell lung cancer [42] | ||
Fibrinogen | Breast cancer [43] | ||
Osteopontin | Prostate cancer [44] | ||
Ovarian cancer [45] | |||
Melanoma [46] | |||
ανβ3 | Fibronectin | Increases tumor progression [47] Increases lymph node metastasis [48] Increases bone metastasis [49] Is involved in cancer immune evasion [50] | Glioma [51] |
Vitronectin | Head and neck cancer [40] | ||
Fibrinogen | Non-small cell lung cancer [52] | ||
Osteopontin | Lung cancer brain metastases [53] | ||
Tenascin | |||
Thyroid hormone T4 | Gastric cancer [54] | ||
Pancreatic cancer [48] | |||
Prostate cancer [55] | |||
Melanoma [46] | |||
αvβ5 | Fibronectin | Increases tumor progression [56] Is involved in glioma invasion [57] | Lung cancer brain metastases [53] |
Vitronectin | Non-small cell lung cancer [52] | ||
Fibrinogen | Gastric cancer [54] | ||
Osteopontin | Prostate cancer [55] | ||
αvβ6 | Fibronectin | Promotes hepatic tumorigenesis [58] Increases tumor progression [59] Increases lymph node metastasis [60] Mediates resistance to chemotherapy [61] | Head and neck cancer [62] |
Vitronectin | Non-small cell lung cancer [63] | ||
Fibrinogen | Breast cancer [64] | ||
Osteopontin | Lung cancer brain metastases [62] | ||
Tenascin | Gastric cancer [65] | ||
Pancreatic cancer [55] | |||
Colon cancer [66] | |||
Endometrial cancer [67] | |||
Ovarian cancer [68] | |||
Basal cell carcinoma [69] | |||
αvβ8 | Fibronectin | Is involved in cancer immune evasion [70] Mediates resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy [71] | Head and neck cancer [72] |
Vitronectin | Non-small cell lung cancer [52] | ||
Fibrinogen | Prostate cancer [55] | ||
Osteopontin |
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Wu, P.-H.; Opadele, A.E.; Onodera, Y.; Nam, J.-M. Targeting Integrins in Cancer Nanomedicine: Applications in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy. Cancers 2019, 11, 1783. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11111783
Wu P-H, Opadele AE, Onodera Y, Nam J-M. Targeting Integrins in Cancer Nanomedicine: Applications in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy. Cancers. 2019; 11(11):1783. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11111783
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Ping-Hsiu, Abayomi Emmanuel Opadele, Yasuhito Onodera, and Jin-Min Nam. 2019. "Targeting Integrins in Cancer Nanomedicine: Applications in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy" Cancers 11, no. 11: 1783. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11111783