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Article

Pacific Ciguatoxin-1 (P-CTX-1) in a Moray eel (Gymnothorax javanicus) Responsible for Ciguatera in Khanh Hoa Province, Viet Nam

by
Ha Viet Dao
1,*,
Hy Ho Khanh Le
1,
Ky Xuan Pham
1,
Vy Bao Phan
1,
Anh Phuong Nguyen
1,
Thiet Thi Doan
1,
Xuan-Vy Nguyen
1,
Nhu-Thuy Nhat Nguyen
1,
Xuan-Thuy Thi Nguyen
1,
Tung Ngoc Nguyen
2,
Jiajun Wu
3,
Jingyi Zhu
3 and
Leo Lai Chan
3
1
Institute of Oceanography, Viet Nam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 01 Cau Da, Nha Trang 650000, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam
2
Center for High Technology Research and Development, Viet Nam Academy of Science and Technology. 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Ha Noi 100000, Vietnam
3
State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxins 2025, 17(4), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17040186
Submission received: 10 March 2025 / Revised: 3 April 2025 / Accepted: 4 April 2025 / Published: 7 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Collection Ciguatoxin)
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Abstract

On 5 November 2020, a poisoning event involving four people by the consumption of moray eel occurred in Khanh Hoa Province, Viet Nam, with signs indicative of ciguatera. The remaining moray portion was confiscated for identification of causative species and responsible toxins. The phylogenetic study based on COX1 identified the moray as Gymnothorax javanicus Bleeker (1859). Out of 17 marine lipophilic toxins (MLPs) that were analyzed using LC-MS/MS, only Pacific ciguatoxin-1 (P-CTX-1) was detected in the moray’s flesh at 1.30 ± 0.004 ng/g ww, while no toxin was found in the skin. The N2a assay’s ciguatoxicities in the skin and flesh were 0.69 ± 0.075 and 2.49 ± 0.216 ng P-CTX-1/g ww equivalent, respectively. In the N2a assay, the P-CTX-1 amount in the moray flesh was 1.9 times greater than that determined by LC-MS/MS, indicating the presence of additional sodium channel activators or a matrix effect. The P-CTX-1 amount in the moray flesh was at a level that generates major ciguatera poisoning (CP) symptoms in humans (1.0 ng/g P-CTX-1), makes sense given that four consumers experienced the onset of poisoning symptoms. This study is significant for the management of seafood safety since it is the first scientific report on the species and toxin in a moray causing ciguatera in Viet Nam.
Keywords: ciguatera; Pacific-ciguatoxin-1; moray; Gymnothorax javanicus; poisoning; Viet Nam ciguatera; Pacific-ciguatoxin-1; moray; Gymnothorax javanicus; poisoning; Viet Nam

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MDPI and ACS Style

Dao, H.V.; Le, H.H.K.; Pham, K.X.; Phan, V.B.; Nguyen, A.P.; Doan, T.T.; Nguyen, X.-V.; Nguyen, N.-T.N.; Nguyen, X.-T.T.; Nguyen, T.N.; et al. Pacific Ciguatoxin-1 (P-CTX-1) in a Moray eel (Gymnothorax javanicus) Responsible for Ciguatera in Khanh Hoa Province, Viet Nam. Toxins 2025, 17, 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17040186

AMA Style

Dao HV, Le HHK, Pham KX, Phan VB, Nguyen AP, Doan TT, Nguyen X-V, Nguyen N-TN, Nguyen X-TT, Nguyen TN, et al. Pacific Ciguatoxin-1 (P-CTX-1) in a Moray eel (Gymnothorax javanicus) Responsible for Ciguatera in Khanh Hoa Province, Viet Nam. Toxins. 2025; 17(4):186. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17040186

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dao, Ha Viet, Hy Ho Khanh Le, Ky Xuan Pham, Vy Bao Phan, Anh Phuong Nguyen, Thiet Thi Doan, Xuan-Vy Nguyen, Nhu-Thuy Nhat Nguyen, Xuan-Thuy Thi Nguyen, Tung Ngoc Nguyen, and et al. 2025. "Pacific Ciguatoxin-1 (P-CTX-1) in a Moray eel (Gymnothorax javanicus) Responsible for Ciguatera in Khanh Hoa Province, Viet Nam" Toxins 17, no. 4: 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17040186

APA Style

Dao, H. V., Le, H. H. K., Pham, K. X., Phan, V. B., Nguyen, A. P., Doan, T. T., Nguyen, X.-V., Nguyen, N.-T. N., Nguyen, X.-T. T., Nguyen, T. N., Wu, J., Zhu, J., & Lai Chan, L. (2025). Pacific Ciguatoxin-1 (P-CTX-1) in a Moray eel (Gymnothorax javanicus) Responsible for Ciguatera in Khanh Hoa Province, Viet Nam. Toxins, 17(4), 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17040186

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