Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment of Multi-Mycotoxins (AFB1, AFM1, OTA, OTB, DON, T-2 and HT-2) in the Lebanese Food Basket Consumed by Adults: Findings from the Updated Lebanese National Consumption Survey through a Total Diet Study Approach

Hoteit, Maha; Abbass, Zahraa; Daou, Rouaa; Tzenios, Nikolaos; Chmeis, Lamis; Haddad, Joyce; Chahine, Mohamad; Al Manasfi, Elham; Chahine, Abdulrahman; Poh, Omasyarifa Binti Jamal; El Khoury, André

doi:10.3390/toxins16030158

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment of Multi-Mycotoxins (AFB1, AFM1, OTA, OTB, DON, T-2 and HT-2) in the Lebanese Food Basket Consumed by Adults: Findings from the Updated Lebanese National Consumption Survey through a Total Diet Study Approach

by

Maha Hoteit

^1,2,*,†

,

Zahraa Abbass

^1,†,

Rouaa Daou

^3,4,

Nikolaos Tzenios

⁵

,

Lamis Chmeis

¹,

Joyce Haddad

⁶,

Mohamad Chahine

⁷,

Elham Al Manasfi

⁸,

Abdulrahman Chahine

⁸,

Omasyarifa Binti Jamal Poh

⁹

and

André El Khoury

^3,*

¹

Food Sciences Unit, National Council for Scientific Research-Lebanon (CNRS-L), Beirut P.O. Box 11-8281, Lebanon

²

Faculty of Public Health, Section 1, Lebanese University, Beirut P.O. Box 6573, Lebanon

³

Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche (CAR), Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Faculty of Sciences, Campus of Sciences and Technologies, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Mar Roukos P.O. Box 17-5208, Lebanon

⁴

Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh, Zouk Mikael P.O. Box 72, Lebanon

⁵

Faculty of Public Health, Charisma University, London EC1V 7QE, UK

⁶

Directorate of Preventive Healthcare, Ministry of Public Health, Beirut 6573, Lebanon

⁷

Biological and Chemical Technology, Kursk State Medical University, 305000 Kursk, Russia

⁸

Arab Group for Scientific Research, Beirut 1103, Lebanon

⁹

Obstetrics and Gynecology ICE, Kursk State Medical University, 305000 Kursk, Russia

^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

^†

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Toxins 2024, 16(3), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16030158

Submission received: 1 February 2024 / Revised: 8 March 2024 / Accepted: 15 March 2024 / Published: 19 March 2024

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycotoxins: Risk Assessment, Biomonitoring and Toxicology)

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Abstract

Mycotoxins have been linked to adverse health impacts, including liver cancer and kidney diseases. The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the dietary exposure of Lebanese adults to multi-mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), ochratoxin A (OTA), ochratoxin B (OTB), deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 and HT-2) and to assess their associated health risks. Hence, a nationally representative sample of 449 participants aged 18-64 years old were interviewed to obtain their socio-demographic characteristics, food consumption data and exposure estimates. A food frequency questionnaire and 24 h-recall were used to collect data. The concentration of mycotoxins in all foods consumed by the participants was collected from previous national published studies. The estimated daily intake (EDI), the hazard quotient (HQ) and the margin of exposure (MOE) were calculated. The total exposure to AFB1, AFM1, OTA and DON was 1.26, 0.39, 4.10 and 411.18 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. The MOE to AFB1, AFM1, OTA and DON in the Lebanese food basket was 316, 1454, 3539 and 510, respectively, indicating high health-related risks. Per food items, the MOE to AFB1 was below 10,000 in cereals (466.5), mainly in rice (827.9) and Burgul (4868.5). Similarly, the MOE to OTA in cereals was 1439, in which bread (4022), rice (7589) and bulgur (7628) were considered unsafe. Moreover, the MOE to DON in cereals (605) is alarming, especially in bread (632) and manakesh (6879). The MOE to AFM1 in dairy products was 1454, indicating health-related risks with a focus on yogurt (9788) and labneh (8153). As for the herbs/spices group and traditional dishes, the MOE to AFB1 was relatively lower than 10,000 (3690 and 1625, respectively), with a focus on thyme (2624) and kishik (3297), respectively. It is noteworthy that the MOE to DON and the MOE to OTA in traditional foods and coffee were lower than 10,000 (8047 and 8867, respectively). All hazard quotient (HQ) values were below 1, except the HQ value of milk and dairy products (1.96). The intake of some food groups varied between age categories, corresponding to differences in EDI between them. Thus, it is essential to put control measures in place to decrease the contamination and exposure to mycotoxins by Lebanese consumers.

Keywords: AFB1; AFM1; OTA; DON; contamination; exposure; risk assessment; FFQ; Lebanon

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MDPI and ACS Style

Hoteit, M.; Abbass, Z.; Daou, R.; Tzenios, N.; Chmeis, L.; Haddad, J.; Chahine, M.; Al Manasfi, E.; Chahine, A.; Poh, O.B.J.; et al. Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment of Multi-Mycotoxins (AFB1, AFM1, OTA, OTB, DON, T-2 and HT-2) in the Lebanese Food Basket Consumed by Adults: Findings from the Updated Lebanese National Consumption Survey through a Total Diet Study Approach. Toxins 2024, 16, 158. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16030158

AMA Style

Hoteit M, Abbass Z, Daou R, Tzenios N, Chmeis L, Haddad J, Chahine M, Al Manasfi E, Chahine A, Poh OBJ, et al. Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment of Multi-Mycotoxins (AFB1, AFM1, OTA, OTB, DON, T-2 and HT-2) in the Lebanese Food Basket Consumed by Adults: Findings from the Updated Lebanese National Consumption Survey through a Total Diet Study Approach. Toxins. 2024; 16(3):158. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16030158

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hoteit, Maha, Zahraa Abbass, Rouaa Daou, Nikolaos Tzenios, Lamis Chmeis, Joyce Haddad, Mohamad Chahine, Elham Al Manasfi, Abdulrahman Chahine, Omasyarifa Binti Jamal Poh, and et al. 2024. "Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment of Multi-Mycotoxins (AFB1, AFM1, OTA, OTB, DON, T-2 and HT-2) in the Lebanese Food Basket Consumed by Adults: Findings from the Updated Lebanese National Consumption Survey through a Total Diet Study Approach" Toxins 16, no. 3: 158. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16030158

APA Style

Hoteit, M., Abbass, Z., Daou, R., Tzenios, N., Chmeis, L., Haddad, J., Chahine, M., Al Manasfi, E., Chahine, A., Poh, O. B. J., & El Khoury, A. (2024). Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment of Multi-Mycotoxins (AFB1, AFM1, OTA, OTB, DON, T-2 and HT-2) in the Lebanese Food Basket Consumed by Adults: Findings from the Updated Lebanese National Consumption Survey through a Total Diet Study Approach. Toxins, 16(3), 158. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16030158

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Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment of Multi-Mycotoxins (AFB1, AFM1, OTA, OTB, DON, T-2 and HT-2) in the Lebanese Food Basket Consumed by Adults: Findings from the Updated Lebanese National Consumption Survey through a Total Diet Study Approach

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