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Volume 14
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Article

An Eight-Year Survey on Aflatoxin B1 Indicates High Feed Safety in Animal Feed and Forages in Northern Italy

by
Luca Ferrari
1,
Francesca Fumagalli
1,
Nicoletta Rizzi
2,
Elisa Grandi
2,
Serena Vailati
2,
Michele Manoni
1,
Matteo Ottoboni
1,
Federica Cheli
1,3 and
Luciano Pinotti
1,3,*
1
Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’ Università, 26900 Lodi, Italy
2
Associazione Regionale Allevatori della Lombardia (ARAL), Via Kennedy, 26013 Crema, Italy
3
CRC I-WE (Coordinating Research Centre: Innovation for Well-Being and Environment), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxins 2022, 14(11), 763; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14110763
Submission received: 28 September 2022 / Revised: 25 October 2022 / Accepted: 27 October 2022 / Published: 4 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improved and Innovative Actions for Mycotoxin Management in the Food and Feed Chain 2.0)
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Abstract

Aflatoxins (AFs) remain the main concern for the agricultural and dairy industries due to their effects on the performances and quality of livestock production. Aflatoxins are always unavoidable and should be monitored. The objective of this paper is to bring to light a significant volume of data on AF contamination in several animal feed ingredients in Northern Italy. The Regional Breeders Association of Lombardy has been conducting a survey program to monitor mycotoxin contamination in animal feeds, and in this paper, we present data relating to AFB1 contamination. In most cases (95%), the concentrations were low enough to ensure compliance with the European Union’s (EU’s) maximum admitted levels for animal feed ingredients. However, the data show a high variability in AF contamination between different matrices and, within the same matrix, a high variability year over year. High levels of AFs were detected in maize and cotton, especially in the central part of the second decade of this century, i.e., 2015–2018, which has shown a higher risk of AF contamination in feed materials in Northern Italy. Variability due to climate change and the international commodity market affect future prospects to predict the presence of AFs. Supplier monitoring and control and reduced buying of contaminated raw materials, as well as performing analyses of each batch, help reduce AF spread.
Keywords: aflatoxins; AFB1; mycotoxins; animal feed; maize; monitoring program aflatoxins; AFB1; mycotoxins; animal feed; maize; monitoring program

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ferrari, L.; Fumagalli, F.; Rizzi, N.; Grandi, E.; Vailati, S.; Manoni, M.; Ottoboni, M.; Cheli, F.; Pinotti, L. An Eight-Year Survey on Aflatoxin B1 Indicates High Feed Safety in Animal Feed and Forages in Northern Italy. Toxins 2022, 14, 763. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14110763

AMA Style

Ferrari L, Fumagalli F, Rizzi N, Grandi E, Vailati S, Manoni M, Ottoboni M, Cheli F, Pinotti L. An Eight-Year Survey on Aflatoxin B1 Indicates High Feed Safety in Animal Feed and Forages in Northern Italy. Toxins. 2022; 14(11):763. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14110763

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ferrari, Luca, Francesca Fumagalli, Nicoletta Rizzi, Elisa Grandi, Serena Vailati, Michele Manoni, Matteo Ottoboni, Federica Cheli, and Luciano Pinotti. 2022. "An Eight-Year Survey on Aflatoxin B1 Indicates High Feed Safety in Animal Feed and Forages in Northern Italy" Toxins 14, no. 11: 763. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14110763

APA Style

Ferrari, L., Fumagalli, F., Rizzi, N., Grandi, E., Vailati, S., Manoni, M., Ottoboni, M., Cheli, F., & Pinotti, L. (2022). An Eight-Year Survey on Aflatoxin B1 Indicates High Feed Safety in Animal Feed and Forages in Northern Italy. Toxins, 14(11), 763. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14110763

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