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Article

Roles of Nutrient Limitation on Western Lake Erie CyanoHAB Toxin Production

by
Malcolm A. Barnard
1,*,
Justin D. Chaffin
2,
Haley E. Plaas
1,
Gregory L. Boyer
3,
Bofan Wei
3,
Steven W. Wilhelm
4,
Karen L. Rossignol
1,
Jeremy S. Braddy
1,
George S. Bullerjahn
5,
Thomas B. Bridgeman
6,
Timothy W. Davis
5,
Jin Wei
7,
Minsheng Bu
7 and
Hans W. Paerl
1,*
1
Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA
2
Stone Laboratory and Ohio Sea Grant, The Ohio State University, Put-In-Bay, OH 43456, USA
3
Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry Campus, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
4
Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
5
Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
6
Lake Erie Center, University of Toledo, Oregon, OH 43616, USA
7
Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxins 2021, 13(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13010047
Submission received: 10 December 2020 / Revised: 4 January 2021 / Accepted: 6 January 2021 / Published: 9 January 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyanotoxins in Bloom: Ever-Increasing Occurrence and Global Distribution of Freshwater Cyanotoxins from Planktic and Benthic Cyanobacteria)
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Abstract

Cyanobacterial harmful algal bloom (CyanoHAB) proliferation is a global problem impacting ecosystem and human health. Western Lake Erie (WLE) typically endures two highly toxic CyanoHABs during summer: a Microcystis spp. bloom in Maumee Bay that extends throughout the western basin, and a Planktothrix spp. bloom in Sandusky Bay. Recently, the USA and Canada agreed to a 40% phosphorus (P) load reduction to lessen the severity of the WLE blooms. To investigate phosphorus and nitrogen (N) limitation of biomass and toxin production in WLE CyanoHABs, we conducted in situ nutrient addition and 40% dilution microcosm bioassays in June and August 2019. During the June Sandusky Bay bloom, biomass production as well as hepatotoxic microcystin and neurotoxic anatoxin production were N and P co-limited with microcystin production becoming nutrient deplete under 40% dilution. During August, the Maumee Bay bloom produced microcystin under nutrient repletion with slight induced P limitation under 40% dilution, and the Sandusky Bay bloom produced anatoxin under N limitation in both dilution treatments. The results demonstrate the importance of nutrient limitation effects on microcystin and anatoxin production. To properly combat cyanotoxin and cyanobacterial biomass production in WLE, both N and P reduction efforts should be implemented in its watershed.
Keywords: cyanotoxins; Maumee Bay; Sandusky Bay; Microcystis; Planktothrix; microcystin; anatoxin cyanotoxins; Maumee Bay; Sandusky Bay; Microcystis; Planktothrix; microcystin; anatoxin

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MDPI and ACS Style

Barnard, M.A.; Chaffin, J.D.; Plaas, H.E.; Boyer, G.L.; Wei, B.; Wilhelm, S.W.; Rossignol, K.L.; Braddy, J.S.; Bullerjahn, G.S.; Bridgeman, T.B.; et al. Roles of Nutrient Limitation on Western Lake Erie CyanoHAB Toxin Production. Toxins 2021, 13, 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13010047

AMA Style

Barnard MA, Chaffin JD, Plaas HE, Boyer GL, Wei B, Wilhelm SW, Rossignol KL, Braddy JS, Bullerjahn GS, Bridgeman TB, et al. Roles of Nutrient Limitation on Western Lake Erie CyanoHAB Toxin Production. Toxins. 2021; 13(1):47. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13010047

Chicago/Turabian Style

Barnard, Malcolm A., Justin D. Chaffin, Haley E. Plaas, Gregory L. Boyer, Bofan Wei, Steven W. Wilhelm, Karen L. Rossignol, Jeremy S. Braddy, George S. Bullerjahn, Thomas B. Bridgeman, and et al. 2021. "Roles of Nutrient Limitation on Western Lake Erie CyanoHAB Toxin Production" Toxins 13, no. 1: 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13010047

APA Style

Barnard, M. A., Chaffin, J. D., Plaas, H. E., Boyer, G. L., Wei, B., Wilhelm, S. W., Rossignol, K. L., Braddy, J. S., Bullerjahn, G. S., Bridgeman, T. B., Davis, T. W., Wei, J., Bu, M., & Paerl, H. W. (2021). Roles of Nutrient Limitation on Western Lake Erie CyanoHAB Toxin Production. Toxins, 13(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13010047

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